Super-resolution photoacoustic imaging via flow induced absorption fluctuations

In deep tissue photoacoustic imaging the spatial resolution is inherently limited by the acoustic wavelength. We present an approach for surpassing the acoustic diffraction limit by exploiting temporal fluctuations in the sample absorption distribution, such as those induced by flowing particles. In addition to enhanced resolution, our approach inherently provides background reduction, and can be implemented with any conventional photoacoustic imaging system. The considerable resolution increase is made possible by adapting notions from super-resolution optical fluctuations imaging (SOFI) developed for blinking fluorescent molecules, to flowing acoustic emitters. By generalizing SOFI mathematical analysis to complex valued signals, we demonstrate super-resolved photoacoustic images that are free from oscillations caused by band-limited detection. The presented technique holds potential for contrast-agent free micro-vessels imaging, as red blood cells provide a strong endogenous source of naturally fluctuating absorption

Quantum Carleman Linearization of the Lattice Boltzmann Equation with Boundary Conditions

The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is widely recognized as an efficient algorithm for simulating fluid flows in both single-phase and multi-phase scenarios. In this research, a quantum Carleman Linearization formulation of the Lattice Boltzmann equation is described, employing the Bhatnagar Gross and Krook equilibrium function. Our approach addresses the treatment of boundary conditions with the commonly used bounce back scheme. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by simulating flow past a rectangular prism, achieving agreement with respect to fluid velocity In comparison to classical LBM simulations. This improved formulation showcases the potential to provide computational speed-ups in a wide range of fluid flow applications. Additionally, we provide details on read in and read out techniques

The Alignment of the Magnetic Field and Collimated Outflows in Star-forming Regions: the Case of NGC 2071

The magnetic field is believed to play a crucial role in the process of star formation. From the support it provides during the initial collapse of molecular clouds to the creation of strong collimated jets responsible for large mass losses, current theories predict its importance in many different stages during the formation of stars. Here we report on observational evidence which tests one aspect that can be inferred from these theories: the alignment between the local magnetic field and collimated bipolar outflows in such environments. There is good evidence of an alignment in the case of NGC 2071.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Guard Automata for the Verification of Safety and Liveness of Distributed Algorithms

Distributed algorithms typically run over arbitrary many processes and may involve unboundedly many rounds, making the automated verification of their correctness challenging. Building on domain theory, we introduce a framework that abstracts infinite-state distributed systems that represent distributed algorithms into finite-state guard automata. The soundness of the approach corresponds to the Scott-continuity of the abstraction, which relies on the assumption that the distributed algorithms are layered. Guard automata thus enable the verification of safety and liveness properties of distributed algorithms

Les interactions entre l’interleukine-15, l’haplotype HLA-DQ8 et le gluten conduisent au développement de la maladie cœliaque chez la souris

La maladie cœliaque est une entéropathie inflammatoire chronique se développant chez des individus génétiquement prédisposés par l’expression des haplotypes HLA-DQ2 ou HLA-DQ8 et survenant suite à la consommation de gluten. Elle se caractérise par le développement d’une atrophie des villosités de la muqueuse intestinale débouchant sur un syndrome de malabsorption alimentaire. La seule thérapie actuelle est le suivi d’une diète sans gluten mais cette éviction totale du gluten n’est pas toujours efficace et est lourde en concessions. Il est par conséquent urgent de développer des thérapies alternatives mais ce domaine constitue un pipeline évoluant lentement, notamment suite à l’absence d’un modèle animal pertinent et complet sur le plan physiologique. L’objectif de cette thèse doctorale est de répondre à ce besoin crucial en développant un modèle murin capable de récapituler les caractéristiques de la maladie. Le chapitre 1 dresse le portrait de la maladie en quatre parties amenant progressivement le lecteur dans les détails de sa pathogenèse. Cette introduction débute par un rappel sur la physiologie et l’immunité intestinale puis elle définit la face clinique de la maladie. Ensuite, le lecteur évolue dans une partie plus détaillée de la pathogenèse aidant au discernement de ses acteurs cellulaires et moléculaires. Finalement, elle se termine par une revue de la littérature sur les actuels modèles animaux. Le chapitre 2 brossent les objectifs de la thèse sur base de données clés de la littérature, notamment, les patients présentent au minimum une copie de l’halplotype HLA-DQ2 ou HLA-DQ8 et plus des deux-tiers sur-expriment la cytokine pro-inflammatoire interleukine-15 au niveau de leur muqueuse intestinale. Il est donc raisonnable de penser qu’ensemble, le gluten, l’haplotype HLA et l’interleukine-15 contribuent activement à la pathogenèse. Bien que soupçonnés, leurs rôles et interactions nécessitent l’apport de preuves tangibles in vivo. Le chapitre 3 détaille ainsi ces interactions démontrées à l’aide du développement de notre nouveau modèle murin. Ce dernier est caractérisé par la surexpression de l’interleukine-15 dans l’épithélium et dans la lamina propria intestinale et par l’expression de l’haplotype HLA-DQ8. Ce travail démontre que l’exposition de cette souris au gluten s’accompagne d’une atrophie villositaire et de la signature complète de la maladie, tant sur le plan sérologique, cellulaire que transcriptionnel. Nous démontrons que la surexpression simultanée de l’interleukine-15 dans les deux compartiments de la muqueuse intestinale que sont la lamina propria et l’épithélium est une condition sine qua non au développement de l’atrophie. Aussi, cette étude permet de mettre en lumière la nécessité des cellules T CD4+ et de l’interféron-gamma dans l’activation des lymphocytes intraépithéliaux et le développement de l’atrophie. Finalement, cette recherche établit le rôle central joué par l’haplotype HLA-DQ8 et par l’enzyme transglutaminase II tissulaire dans la survenue de ces lésions. De manière générale, les résultats issus de ce modèle et présentés au chapitre 3 reflètent toute la complexité des interactions entre le gluten, la génétique et l’IL-15 dans le développement de la maladie cœliaque. Enfin, le chapitre 4 apporte une conclusion à ce travail et le chapitre 5 discute des futures directions envisagées pour ce modèle préclinique. Ce dernier va sans doute contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la maladie cœliaque et permettre l’identification de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques.Coeliac disease is a chronic inflammatory enteropathy characterized by autoimmune features. This disease occurs in genetically predisposed individuals expressing HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes and is triggered following gluten consumption. The disease is characterized by the development of intestinal villous atrophy leading to malabsorption. The only current therapy is the adherence to a gluten-free diet, but the diet is not always effective and is heavy in concessions. Therefore, the development of alternative therapies is urgent but is a slowly evolving pipeline, mainly due to the absence of a physiologically relevant animal model. The aim of this thesis is to answer this unmet need by developing an animal model capable of recapitulating the main characteristics of the disease. Chapter 1 depicts a portrait of the disease in four points, gradually leading the reader into the details of its pathogenesis. This introduction begins with a review of the physiology and intestinal immunity and then draws a clinical portrait of the disease. Third, the reader evolves in a more detailed part of the pathogenesis helping him to discern its cellular and molecular actors. Finally, the introduction ends with a review of the literature on current animal models. Chapter 2 outlines the thesis objectives based on key data from the literature, in particular, patients present at least one copy of the HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 haplotype and more than two-thirds over-express the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-15 at the level of their intestinal mucosa. It is therefore reasonable to hypothesize that gluten, HLA haplotype and interleukin-15 together contribute to the pathogenesis. Although suspected, their roles and interactions still require the provision of tangible evidence in vivo. Chapter 3 details these interactions based on the proposed new mouse model. This model is characterized by the overexpression of interleukin-15 in the intestinal epithelium and lamina propria and by the expression of the HLA-DQ8 haplotype. This work demonstrates that the exposure of this mouse to gluten is accompanied by villous atrophy and the complete serological, cellular and transcriptional signature of the disease. We also demonstrate that simultaneous overexpression of interleukin-15 in both mucosal compartments is a prerequisite for the development of atrophy. This study also highlights the need for CD4+ T cells and interferon-gamma in the activation of intraepithelial lymphocytes and the development of villous atrophy. Finally, this research establishes the central role played by the HLA-DQ8 haplotype and the enzyme tissue transglutaminase II in the occurrence of these lesions. In general, the results from this model presented in Chapter 3 reflects the complexity of the interactions between gluten, genetics and IL-15 in the development of coeliac disease. Finally, chapter 4 concludes this work and chapter 5 discusses future directions for this powerful preclinical model that will undoubtedly contribute to a better understanding of coeliac disease and will allow the identification of new potential therapeutic targets

Probing the Magnetic Field with Molecular Ion Spectra

Observations of the effect of the magnetic field on its environment are usually achieved with techniques which rely on the interaction with the spin of the particles under study. Because of the relative weakness of this effect, extraction of the field characteristics proves to be a most challenging task. We take a totally different approach to the problem and show that the manifestation of the magnetic field can be directly observed by means of a comparison of the spectra of molecular ions with those of neutral molecules. This takes advantage of the strong cyclotron interaction between the ions and the field, but requires the presence of flows or turbulent motion in the gas. We compare our theory to data obtained on the OMC-1, OMC-2, OMC-3 and DR21(OH) molecular clouds.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, 2 table