Influence of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum on Penthiopyrad Degradation under Laboratory and Field Studies

In plant protection, biological preparations are used alternately with chemical pesticides. The applied microorganism can influence the concentration of chemical substances. Laboratory and field studies were conducted to assess the influence of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum on the penthiopyrad concentration. In laboratory studies, the effectiveness of penthiopyrad degradation by B. subtilis was approximately 5% during 14 days of the experiment. For penthiopyrad treated with T. harzianum strains, the degradation effectiveness ranged from 34.2% on Day 3 to 56.9% on Day 14. In experiments testing the effects of mixed culture of microorganisms, the effectiveness of penthiopyrad degradation ranged from 23.7% on Day 3 to 29.1% on Day 14. After treatment of apple trees of Gala and Golden Delicious varieties with a biological preparation, a maximum degradation of penthiopyrad of 20% was found in both varieties. Samples of apples were prepared by the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method, and penthiopyrad was analyzed by gas chromatography with a mass detector. A determined value of the chronic exposure to penthiopirad was 1.02% of the acceptable daily intake, both for children and for adults. The acute exposure amounted to 7.2% and 1.9% of the acute reference dose for children and adults, respectively. These values were considered to be acceptable and not threatening to health

SUMMARY

The following article is a summary of research on the influence of season on the reproductive processes in undomesticated animals. The results presented below show: a / an annual hormonal profile of domestic pig and wild boar crossbreed and the antioxidant blood system in the different seasons, b / the possibility of gonadptropic hormone stimulation in chinchillas which are in diestrus or infertile, c / the possibility of using bison’s semen (collected

A Non-Vector Approach to Increase Lipid Levels in the Microalga Planktochlorella nurekis

Microalgae are freshwater and marine unicellular photosynthetic organisms that utilize sunlight to produce biomass. Due to fast microalgal growth rate and their unique biochemical profiles and potential applications in food and renewable energy industries, the interest in microalgal research is rapidly increasing. Biochemical and genetic engineering have been considered to improve microalgal biomass production but these manipulations also limited microalgal growth. The aim of the study was the biochemical characterization of recently identified microalgal strain Planktochlorella nurekis with elevated cell size and DNA levels compared to wild type strain that was achieved by a safe non-vector approach, namely co-treatment with colchicine and cytochalasin B (CC). A slight increase in growth rate was observed in twelve clones of CC-treated cells. For biochemical profiling, several parameters were considered, namely the content of proteins, amino acids, lipids, fatty acids, β-glucans, chlorophylls, carotenoids, B vitamins and ash. CC-treated cells were characterized by elevated levels of lipids compared to unmodified cells. Moreover, the ratio of carotenoids to chlorophyll a and total antioxidant capacity were slightly increased in CC-treated cells. We suggest that Planktochlorella nurekis with modified DNA levels and improved lipid content can be considered to be used as a dietary supplement and biofuel feedstock