Modeling of radical structures in biochar using DFT calculations

Carbon is a key ingredient for producing metals used for cellphones, laptop computers, photovoltaic panels, and related solid state silicon devices employed by mankind. Thus, introduction of an alternative reductant based on bioresources into steel manufacturing without significant investments in a new technology is of high importance and wide impact. The production of iron, steel, and many other metals can employ biocarbon as the needed reductant; but because of cost, coals are usually used instead. Please click on the file below for full content of the abstract

Cellulase recycling in biorefineriesis : is it possible?

On a near future, bio-based economy will assume a key role in our lives. Lignocellulosic materials (e.g., agroforestry residues, industrial/solid wastes) represent a cheaper and environmentally friendly option to fossil fuels. Indeed, following suitable processing, they can be metabolized by different microorganisms to produce a wide range of compounds currently obtained by chemical synthesis. However, due to the recalcitrant nature of these materials, they cannot be directly used by microorganisms, the conversion of polysaccharides into simpler sugars being thus required. This conversion, which is usually undertaken enzymatically, represents a significant part on the final cost of the process. This fact has driven intense efforts on the reduction of the enzyme cost following different strategies. Here, we describe the fundamentals of the enzyme recycling technology, more specifically, cellulase recycling. We focus on the main strategies available for the recovery of both the liquid- and solid-bound enzyme fractions and discuss the relevant operational parameters (e.g., composition, temperature, additives, and pH). Although the efforts from the industry and enzyme suppliers are primarily oriented toward the development of enzyme cocktails able to quickly and effectively process biomass, it seems clear by now that enzyme recycling is technically possible.Financial support from FEDER and Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT): GlycoCBMs Project PTDC/AGR-FOR/3090/2012–FCOMP-01-0124- FEDER-027948 and Strategic Project PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013, Project BBioInd-Biotechnology and Bioengineering for improved Industrial and Agro-Food processes, REF. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000028 Cofunded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2–O Novo Norte), QREN, FEDER and the PhD grant to DG (SFRH/BD/88623/ 2012) and ACR (SFRH/BD/89547/2012)