Nanoparticles for Applications in Cellular Imaging

In the following review we discuss several types of nanoparticles (such as TiO2, quantum dots, and gold nanoparticles) and their impact on the ability to image biological components in fixed cells. The review also discusses factors influencing nanoparticle imaging and uptake in live cells in vitro. Due to their unique size-dependent properties nanoparticles offer numerous advantages over traditional dyes and proteins. For example, the photostability, narrow emission peak, and ability to rationally modify both the size and surface chemistry of Quantum Dots allow for simultaneous analyses of multiple targets within the same cell. On the other hand, the surface characteristics of nanometer sized TiO2allow efficient conjugation to nucleic acids which enables their retention in specific subcellular compartments. We discuss cellular uptake mechanisms for the internalization of nanoparticles and studies showing the influence of nanoparticle size and charge and the cell type targeted on nanoparticle uptake. The predominant nanoparticle uptake mechanisms include clathrin-dependent mechanisms, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362

Prescription des antibiotiqueschez les enfants de 0 a 14 ans au service depediatrie du Centre Medical Communal (CMC) de Ratoma

Introduction : L’administration sans délai d’un traitement antibiotique à un malade infecté peut décider de son destin. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la prescription des antibiotiques dans le service de pédiatrie du Centre Médical Communal de Ratoma.Méthodologie: Il a s’agissait d’une étude prospective, réalisée au service de pédiatrie du Centre Médical Communal de Ratoma sur 3 mois. Elle a inclue les enfants de 0 à 14 ans admis dans le service et pour lesquels au moins un antibiotique a été prescrit en consultation et en hospitalisation. La collecte a été faite au fur et à mesure des consultations d’enfants répondant aux critères de sélection. L’analyse et le traitement des données ont permis de générer des fréquences. Des consentements éclairés ont été obtenus auprès des parents.Résultats : Les antibiotiques ont été prescrit chez 72,08% d’enfants réçus. Les enfants de 0 à 4 ans en bénéficiaient le plus (72,1%).Les raisons de prescription les plus courantes étaient les infections respiratoires aiguës (58,46%). La classe la plus prescrite était celle des béta-lactamines (80,15%), particulièrement l’association amoxicilline + acide clavulanique (27,88%). Les formes sirop (59,2%) et comprimé (28,20%) étaient plus prescrit. La voie d’administration était souvent orale (87,4%). A l’issu de l’antibiothérapie, on notait 387 guérisons (99,23%), 1 décès (0,3%) et 2 perdu de vue(0,5%).Conclusion: La prescription des antibiotiques semble assez banale pour les affections respiratoires courantes à étiologies très variée. Ce comportement incite une mise à niveau par une formation des professionnels de santé. Mots clés: Prescription, Antibiotique, Enfants, Pédiatrie. &nbsp; English Title: Prescription of antibiotics in children 0 to 14 years at the service of paediatrics at the CMC of Ratoma Introduction: Administration without delay of antibiotic treatment for an infected patient can decide its own fate. The objective of this study was to assess the prescription of antibiotics in paediatrics of the Centre Medical Commune de Ratoma Methodology: There was a study, prospective to the paediatric service of the Centre Medical Commune de Ratoma on 3 months. She includes children 0 to 14 years admitted and for which at least one antibiotic was prescribed in consultation and hospitalization. The collection was made as consultations of children meet the criteria of selection. Analysis and treatment of the data helped generate frequencies. Informed consent was obtained from the parent. Antibiotics have been prescribed in 72.08% of children received. Children from 0 to 4 years Results: benefited the most (72.1%). The most common reasons for prescription were acute respiratory infections (58,46%). The most prescribed class was that of the betalactam (80,15%), particularly the association amoxicillin + clavulanic (27.88%) acid. The syrup forms (59.2%) and compressed (28,20%) were most prescribed. The route of administration was often oral (87.4%). At the end of the antibiotic treatment, there were387 healings (99.23%), 1 death (0.3%) and 2 lost (0.5%). Conclusion: The prescription of antibiotics seems fairly common to common respiratory conditions to very varied etiologies. This behavior makes an upgrade by training of health professionals. Keywords: Prescription, Antibiotic, Children, Pediatri

Aspects diagnostiques et thérapeutiques des cancers de l’estomac en milieu oncologique à Conakry

L’objectif de ce travail était d’analyser les résultats de la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique des cancers de l’estomac à l’unité de chirurgie oncologique de Donka. Il s’agissait d’une étude observationnelle, rétrospective de type descriptif de 2007 à 2016. Le profil épidémiologique, les aspects anatomocliniques, le diagnostic, le bilan d’extension et les modalités thérapeutiques ont été décrits et analysés. Nous avons colligé 41 patients avec un âge moyen de 53,8 ans. Le sexratio était de 1,7. Les patients avaient consulté pour épigastralgie (85,4%), vomissements (75,6%) et anorexie (26,8%) avec un délai de consultation de 15,8 mois. Une masse épigastrique (61,0%), l’hépatomégalie (46,3%) et une ascite (31,7%) étaients présents. L’aspect endoscopique était bourgeonnant (37,5%) et dans 50,0%, le siège était antral. Ils’agissait d’adénocarcinome (18 cas), de carcinomes gastriques (9 cas), de dysplasie de haut grade (1 cas) et de tumeur stromale gastro-intestinale (GIST) (1 cas). Les métastases étaient présentes dans 27 cas (65,8%). Le traitement chirurgical a été réalisé chez 20 patients (48,8%) avec un taux de résécabilité de 55 % (11 cas). La gastrectomie des 4⁄5 avec curage de type D2 a été réalisée dans 18 cas (72,2%).La mortalité opératoire était de 2 cas(7,4%). Dix patients (24,4%) ont été l’objet d’un traitement adjuvant dont 9 par chimiothérapie et 1 par radiothérapie.Les patients ont été suivis avec un délai moyen de 43,8±8,6 mois [IC95% 27,0-60,0] au cours duquel 4 récidives (9,7%) et 32 décès (78%) ont été enregistrés. Le cancer de l’estomac est fréquent et de diagnostic tardif dans notre contexte. Le traitement chirurgical des formes précoces et la chimiothérapie périopératoire permettent d’améliorer le pronostic de ces cancers. Mots clés : cancers, estomac, diagnostic, traitement, Conakry. The aim was to analyze the results of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of stomach cancers at the Donka Oncology Surgery Unit. This was a retrospective study of the descriptive type from 2007 to 2016. The epidemiological profile, the anatomoclinical aspects, the diagnosis, the extension assessment and the therapeutic modalities were described and analyzed. We collected 41 patients with a mean age of 53.8 years. The sex ratio was 1.7. Patients had consulted for epigastralgia (85.4%), vomiting (75.6%) and anorexia (26.8%) with a consultation time of 15.8 months. An epigastric mass(61.0%), hepatomegaly (46.3%) and ascites (31.7%) were present. The endoscopic aspect was budding (37.5%) and in 50.0%, the seat was antral. These included adenocarcinoma (18 cases), gastric carcinomas (9 cases), high grade dysplasia (1 case) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) (1 case). Metastases were present in 27 cases(65.8%). Surgical treatment was performed in 20 patients with a resectability rate of 55% (11 cases). Gastrectomy of 4/5 with D2- type dissection was performed in 18 cases(72.2%) and the operative mortality was 2 cases (7.4%). Ten patients (24.4%) received adjuvant therapy, 9 with chemotherapy and 1 with radiotherapy. Patients were followed after a mean delay of 43.8 ± 8.6 months [95% CI 27.0-60 , 0] in which 4 recurrences (9.7%) and 32 deaths (78.04%) were recorded. Stomach cancer is common and of late diagnosisin our context. Surgical treatment of early forms and perioperative chemotherapy could improve the prognosis of these cancers. Keywords: stomach cancer, diagnosis, treatment, Conakr

Intestinal lesions in pigs affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome Lesões entéricas em suínos afetados por síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento dos suínos

Samples of mesenteric lymph nodes and intestines from 79 unthrifty 3- to 5-month-old postweaning pigs, confirmed as naturally affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), were studied. Pigs originated from 12 farms in southern Brazil and were selected on the basis of clinical signs and/or gross lesions suggestive of enteric disorder. Lymphohistiocytic infiltrates of varying intensity were associated with anti-porcine circovirus type 2 (anti-PCV2) immunostaining (IS) in samples of intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes from all pigs. Although most findings were similar to those described in PCV2-associated enteritis, anti-PCV2 IS in association with depletion of the goblet cell mucin stores (24 pigs), diffuse ileal villous atrophy and fusion (18 pigs), and dilatation of the lymphatic vessels (11 pigs) combined or not with lymphangitis were also observed. PCV2 antigen was immunohistochemically demonstrated in the cytoplasm and nuclei from intralesional epithelial cells, histiocytes, and endothelial-like cells in intestinal tissues. Together these findings imply an association with PCV2. The presence of co-infections by Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira spp., Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp., rotavirus, parvovirus, coronavirus and enteric calicivirus with PCV2 in the intestinal lesions was investigated.<br>Amostras de linfonodos mesentéricos e intestinos de 79 leitões desmamados refugos, entre 3 e 5 meses de idade e confirmados como naturalmente afetados pela síndrome multissistêmica do definhamento foram estudadas. Os suínos eram oriundos de 12 criações no sul do país e foram selecionados em função dos sinais clínicos e/ou lesões macroscópicas sugestivos de doença entérica. Infiltrados linfoistiocíticos de intensidades variáveis foram associados com marcação positiva anti-circovirus suíno tipo 2 (anti-PCV2) em amostras de intestinos e linfonodos mesentéricos de todos os 79 animais. Embora a maioria dos achados fossem semelhantes aos descritos em enterite associada com PCV2, marcação imuno-histoquímica anti-PCV2 foi associada com depleção de células caliciformes (24 suínos), atrofia e fusão de vilosidades do íleo (18 suínos) e dilatação de vasos linfáticos (11 suínos) combinada ou não com linfangite. Antígenos de PCV2 foram demonstrados por imuno-histoquímica no citoplasma e núcleo de células epiteliais intralesionais, histiócitos e células tipo endotelial em tecidos intestinais. Em conjunto, esses resultados sugerem que as lesões estavam associadas com PCV2. A presença de co-infecções por Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira spp., Mycobacterium spp., Salmonella spp., rotavírus, parvovírus, coronavírus e calicivírus entérico com PCV2 nas lesões intestinais foi investigada