Nonstandard lexical knowledge and use in a West Yorkshire community.

The apparent attrition of the lexicon of 'traditional dialects' in England is often commented on, yet there remains a shortage of objective and systematic measurements of this phenomenon. This research was designed to quantify and apply sociolinguistic analysis to this particular aspect of linguistic change in a locality of West Yorkshire. In its fieldwork phase it constructs a corpus of nonstandard words, surveys knowledge and use of these in the community and complements the data by informal interviewing to illuminate the mechanisms and influences at work The collected numerical data are then used to measure and confirm the claimed attrition and, within a sociolinguistic paradigm, to examine their relationship with age, sex and social class data. Additionally, a detailed lexical analysis is undertaken to reveal patterns of choice and usage and to predict the survival prospects of the nonstandard words used in the survey. This research suggests that generalisations about sex, age and social differentiation in nonstandard speech need to be re-evaluated along locally specific, historical occupational, socio-economic and lexical choice dimensions. It is argued that, in this researched community, the social networks influenced by changes in the once dominant textile industry have had a particular effect, especially on women's speech. Sex-differentiated speech is shown to be less predictable than is sometimes claimed; in this study the youngest females, emerge as proportionately significant conservers and users of the nonstandard lexicol Knowledge and use of the nonstandard words amongst some age/sex groups is shown to rise rather than fall with increasing social status. The lexical analysis reveals a matrix of differential trends and patterns in nonstandard word knowledge and use; attrition appears to be not simply a quantitative function but to be lexically selective in a complex way

On DABAL-Me₃ promoted formation of amides

The range and utility of DABAL-Me3 couplings of methyl esters and free carboxylic acids with primary and secondary amines under a variety of conditions (reflux, sealed tube, microwave) has been compared for a significant range of coupling partners of relevance to the preparation of amides of interest in pharmaceutical chemistry. Commercial microwave reactors promote the fastest couplings and allow the use of significantly sterically hindered amines (primary and secondary) and carboxylic acids derivatives. The influence of microwave energy on the reaction system was shown to be typically related to thermal effects (over-pressuring and superheating)

Design, synthesis and evaluation of new Ziegler -Natta catalyst components

The compound (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)tin tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (2) has been synthesized. This cation proved to be an effective Ziegler/Natta α-olefin cocatalyst. Activities for ethylene polymerizations using dimethylzirconocene and 2 were 7.3 × 105 g PE/mol 2·[C2H4]·h at 20°C and 1.2 × 106 g PE/mol 2·[C2H 4]·h at 70°C. This system was also effective for the polymerization of propylene. Activities using rac-ethylenebis(indenyl)dimethylzirconium with the tin cation were 3.0 × 105 g PP/mol 2·[C 3H6]·h at 20°C. Activities increased markedly when using zirconocene dichlorides/tri(i-butyl)aluminum/ 2. Activities for ethylene polymerization using zirconocene dichloride/tri( i-butyl)aluminum/2 at 20°C were 7.0 × 10 6 g PE/mol 2·[C2H4]·h. Activities for the polymerization of propylene using rac-ethylenebis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride/tri(ibutyl)aluminum/2 at 20°C were 5.4 × 106 g PP/mol 2·[C3H6]·h. Several titanium(IV) complexes of the type Cp′Ti(NMe 2)3 (Cp′-cyclopentadienyl (10 ), (dimethylaminoethyl)cyclopentadienyl (11), indenyl (12) and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (13)) have been prepared and their catalytic properties in the polymerization of α-olefins examined. Complexes 10 and 11 catalyzed the polymerization of ethylene in the presence of MAO with much higher activity than 12 or 13. Complexes 12 and 13 polymerized ethylene with an activity similar to that of CpTiCl3. Also, 10 and 11 were used as ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization catalysts. Complex 10 effectively polymerized styrene with a higher activity and higher syndiospecificity than the other three catalysts. Two new Ti(IV) complexes of the type (OCHRCH2N-2,6-Me 2Ph)[special characters omitted]Ti(NMe2)2 have been synthesized. The two complexes were studied as Ziegler-Natta type polymerization catalysts in the presence of an excess of methylaluminoxane. It was found that ethylene polymerization activity for both catalysts increased by increasing the polymerization temperature from 25 to 70°C. If the catalysts were pretreated with trimethylaluminum, the activities increased at 25°C, but decreased slightly at 70°C. Both complexes were found to be ineffective for the polymerization of propylene. An X-ray crystal structure of (OCH2CH2N-2,6-Me 2Ph)Ti(NMe2)2 shows the complex to be dimeric in the solid state. Four titanium ansa-cyclopentadienyl-amido complexes of the general formula [C5H3RMe2SiN(2,6-Me 2C6H5)]TiX2 (R = H, Me, Bz, tBu; X = NMe2 or Cl) have been synthesized. The complexes polymerize both ethylene and propylene and were most active at lower temperatures. In general, the smaller the substituent on the cyclopentadienyl group, the more active the catalyst. The catalysts were found to be poorly stereoselective