Análisis de algunos instrumentos financieros

Los productos derivados, instrumentos financieros cuyo valor deriva de la evolución de los precios de un activo, utilizados en un principio para cubrir pérdidas en las cosechas agrícolas, han ido en aumento para cubrir nuevos riesgos, pero también han sido progresivamente utilizados como elementos de inversión y especulación en los mercados financieros. Una característica de los derivados es su apalancamiento que permite con cantidades pequeños obtener grandes beneficios o pérdidas. La ventaja de utilizar pequeñas cantidades para su adquisición y la desventaja de su riesgo asociado no ha impedido su presencia constante en los mercados, hecho que justifica su análisis. Este trabajo estudia las características de ciertos derivados. El estudio divide a los productos en productos derivados supervisados, en los que se incluye, los futuros, las opciones o los warrants, entre otros, y derivados no supervisados donde se caracterizan los FRAs, Collars, Floors o Swaps además de otros derivados de crédito. Después de ese análisis, el trabajo concluye analizando las condiciones necesarias para la supervivencia de un nuevo derivado.Derivatives are products, instruments, or securities which are derived from another security, cash market, index, or another derivative. Initially, they were used to cover losses in agricultural crops. However, nowadays, they are considered as tools to cover different financial risks. In addition, they are used as investment products and to speculate in the financial markets. A characteristic of the derivatives is their leverage that allows users to obtain large profits or large losses with a minimum investment. The risk associated to leverage has not prevented their growing presence in the financial markets. The increasing use of these products and the current volume of negotiation justify their analysis. This paper studies characteristics of certain derivatives. The study considers two types of products: supervised and unsupervised derivative products. The first type includes derivatives such as futures, options or warrants. The second type considers FRAs, Collars, Floors or Swaps, in addition to other credit derivatives. The paper concludes analyzing necessary conditions for the survival of a new derivative.Departamento de Economía AplicadaGrado en Administración y Dirección de Empresa

Incidence of Diabetic Foot in the Podiatry Clinic of the University of La Coruña

La Diabetes Mellitus es una enfermedad de elevada incidencia en nuestro país, se sabe que afecta aproximadamente a un 5% de la población española generando un elevado coste económico derivado directamente de la enfermedad y sus complicaciones. Un 25% de los diabéticos tiene problemas en sus pies debido a la aparición de heridas crónicas (“pie diabético” y enfermedad vascular periférica), de tal forma que uno de cada quince diabéticos sufrirá amputación de una de sus extremidades inferiores, y de ellos, el 30-40% perderá la otra extremidad en 3 años. Convirtiendo a la DM en la principal causa de amputación no traumática. A través de este estudio pretendemos conocer la incidencia de diabéticos que acuden a la Clínica Universitaria de Podología, en adelante CUP y de patología asociada al síndrome de pie diabético con la finalidad de mejorar la prevención de aparición de lesiones a nivel de MMII derivadas de esta enfermedad.Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of high incident in our country, it is known that it (he, she) affects approximately 5 % of the Spanish population generating a high economic cost derived directly from the disease and his(her,your) complications. About a 25 % of the diabetics has problems in their feet, due to the appearance of chronic sores (“diabetic foot” and vascular peripheral disease), in such a way that one of every fifteen diabetics will suffer amputation of one of their low extremities, and of them, 30-40 % will lose another extremity in 3 years. Turning the DM into the principal reason of not traumatic amputation. Across this study we try to know the diabetics’ incident that they come to the CUP and of pathology associated with the syndrome of diabetic foot with the purpose of improving the prevention of appearance of injuries to MMII’s level derived from this disease

Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of gold(I) sulfanylcarboxylates

Reaction of NaAuCl4·H2O and thiodiglycol (1:3 molar ratio) with 3-(aryl)-2-sulfanylpropenoic acids, H2 xspa = [x:p = 3-phenyl-, f = 3-(2-furyl)-, t = 3-(2-thienyl)-, o-py = 3-(2-pyridyl)-, Clp = 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-, -o-mp = 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, -p-mp = 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, -o-hp = 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-, -p-hp = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-, diBr-o-hp = 3-(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)] and 2-cyclopentylidene-2-sulfanylacetic acid (H2cpa) in a 1:1 metal/ligand molar ratio gave compounds of the type [Au(Hxspa)] or [Au(Hcpa)]. These compounds were reacted with diisopropylamine to afford [HQ][Au(xspa)] or [HQ][Au(cpa)] (HQ = diisopropylammonium) and with NaOH to afford Na[Au(xspa)]·H2O and Na[Au(cpa)]·H2O. All of the new compounds were isolated and characterised by IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activities of the complexes against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa were evaluated and compared to those of the equivalent silver(I) complexes. The comparison shows that the gold compounds generally show better activity than the silver analogues against S. aureus and B. subtilis, but low sensitivity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, suggesting a different mode of antimicrobial action for equivalent silver and gold compoundsWe thank the Dirección Xeral de I+D, Xunta de Galicia, Spain, for the financial support (IN845B-2010/121)S

El error de observación y su influencia en los análisis morfológicos de restos óseos humanos : Datos de variación discreta

A partir de la década de 1960 se incrementó el empleo de los rasgos no métricos del cráneo en los análisis de relaciones poblacionales. Si bien uno de los supuestos en que se basó el uso de estos rasgos es la facilidad de estandarizar su registro, varios trabajos sugieren que el error interobservador en los rasgos discretos es elevado. En consecuencia, los objetivos del trabajo son evaluar el error intra e interobservador en el registro de rasgos craneales no métricos y analizar el efecto del error interobservador sobre las distancias biológicas calculadas. Con este fin, se analizó una muestra arqueológica procedente del Valle inferior del Río Negro -10 con deformación pseudocircular y 10 con deformación planolámbdica-. Se seleccionaron ocho variables discretas del cráneo que fueron relevadas por cuatro observadores. El error de observación fue evaluado mediante un diseño experimental de bloques aleatorios con tres repeticiones y el empleo del índice Kappa y la prueba de McNemar. La distancia biológica entre las dos muestras se estimó mediante la Medida Media de Divergencia y un análisis de escalamiento multidimensional. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el error intraobservador disminuyó mediante la aplicación del diseño experimental, que el error interobservador se incrementó en las sucesivas series y que las diferencias entre los observadores alteraron los resultados de las medidas de distancia calculadas entre las muestras.Since the early 1960s, there was an increasing interest in the application of non-metric cranial traits to the analysis of relationships between populations. One of the assumptions for the use of these traits is based upon the simplicity to standardize the recordings. However, several papers suggest that the interobserver error on such recordings is high. Therefore, the goals of this paper are to evaluate the intra and interobserver error on the scoring of non-metric cranial traits, as well as to analyze the effect of the interobserver error in the biological distances estimated with them. An archeological sample (n=20) from the lower stretch Valley of Río Negro Valley (Río Negro Province, Argentina) was analyzed. Eight discrete variables from the skull were recorded independently by four observers. The observation error was evaluated by means of a randomized complete blocks design, with three repetitions, and employing the Kappa index and the McNemar test. The biological distance between the two samples was estimated through the Mean Measure of Divergence and a multidimensional scaling test. Our results indicate that 1) the intraobserver error diminishes with the application of observational designs; 2) the interobserver error increases in successive series and; 3) the differences among observers modify the results of calculated biodistance between samples.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

El error de observación y su influencia en los análisis morfológicos de restos óseos humanos : Datos de variación continua

La utilización de métodos morfométricos se constituyó a lo largo del siglo XX en una de las aproximaciones más empleadas en el campo de la antropología biológica. Junto con el gran desarrollo alcanzado por la misma se generalizó el empleo de bases de datos generadas por otros investigadores con fines comparativos. Por este motivo, se ha hecho necesario elaborar estrategias metodológicas, que permitan evaluar e incrementar la precisión en las observaciones tomadas por uno o más observadores. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el error intra e interobservador en el relevamiento de variables métricas craneofaciales y la influencia de estos en el análisis de relaciones biológicas poblacionales. Con esta finalidad se elaboró un diseño experimental de bloques completos aleatorios con medidas repetidas. Se analizó una muestra de 20 cráneos procedentes del Valle de Río Negro -10 con deformación pseudocircular y 10 con deformación planolámbdica-. Cuatro observadores registraron un conjunto de ocho variables métricas craneofaciales. Las observaciones fueron comparadas mediante pruebas estadísticas de correlación intraclase y ANOVA de medidas repetidas. A su vez, se efectuaron análisis multivariados con el fin de conocer las relaciones entre las muestras de cráneos deformados medidas por los diferentes observadores. Los resultados obtenidos indican que hubo un incremento en la consistencia de las observaciones efectuadas por cada observador, que el error interobservador fue mayor entre los observadores no entrenados y que las inconsistencias en las observaciones afectaron los resultados obtenidos en los análisis multivariados tendientes a conocer las relaciones entre las muestras.The application of morphometric methods became one of the most frequently used approaches in the field of Biological Anthropology throughout the 20th century. Concurrently with this development, the use of databases generated by different researchers became widespread in comparative studies. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop methodological strategies that allow an evaluation of the observations made by one or more observers and increase their accuracy. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer error in the scoring of craniofacial metric variables and its influence on the analysis of biological relationships between populations. For this purpose, an experimental design of random complete blocks with repetitions was applied. A sample of 20 skulls from Rio Negro Valley -10 with pseudo-circular deformation and 10 with plane-lambdic deformation- was analyzed. Four observers recorded a set of eight craniofacial metric variables. The observations were statistically compared by means of intraclass correlation tests and repeated measures ANOVA. Multivariate analyses were also performed to assess the relationship among the samples of deformed skulls measured by different observers. Our results indicate an increase in the consistency of the observations made by each observer, higher inter-observer error values among non-trained observers, and the influence of the inconsistencies among observations on the results of the multivariate analyses designed for the assessment of inter-sample relationships.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

El error de observación y su influencia en los análisis morfológicos de restos óseos humanos : Datos de variación discreta

A partir de la década de 1960 se incrementó el empleo de los rasgos no métricos del cráneo en los análisis de relaciones poblacionales. Si bien uno de los supuestos en que se basó el uso de estos rasgos es la facilidad de estandarizar su registro, varios trabajos sugieren que el error interobservador en los rasgos discretos es elevado. En consecuencia, los objetivos del trabajo son evaluar el error intra e interobservador en el registro de rasgos craneales no métricos y analizar el efecto del error interobservador sobre las distancias biológicas calculadas. Con este fin, se analizó una muestra arqueológica procedente del Valle inferior del Río Negro -10 con deformación pseudocircular y 10 con deformación planolámbdica-. Se seleccionaron ocho variables discretas del cráneo que fueron relevadas por cuatro observadores. El error de observación fue evaluado mediante un diseño experimental de bloques aleatorios con tres repeticiones y el empleo del índice Kappa y la prueba de McNemar. La distancia biológica entre las dos muestras se estimó mediante la Medida Media de Divergencia y un análisis de escalamiento multidimensional. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el error intraobservador disminuyó mediante la aplicación del diseño experimental, que el error interobservador se incrementó en las sucesivas series y que las diferencias entre los observadores alteraron los resultados de las medidas de distancia calculadas entre las muestras.Since the early 1960s, there was an increasing interest in the application of non-metric cranial traits to the analysis of relationships between populations. One of the assumptions for the use of these traits is based upon the simplicity to standardize the recordings. However, several papers suggest that the interobserver error on such recordings is high. Therefore, the goals of this paper are to evaluate the intra and interobserver error on the scoring of non-metric cranial traits, as well as to analyze the effect of the interobserver error in the biological distances estimated with them. An archeological sample (n=20) from the lower stretch Valley of Río Negro Valley (Río Negro Province, Argentina) was analyzed. Eight discrete variables from the skull were recorded independently by four observers. The observation error was evaluated by means of a randomized complete blocks design, with three repetitions, and employing the Kappa index and the McNemar test. The biological distance between the two samples was estimated through the Mean Measure of Divergence and a multidimensional scaling test. Our results indicate that 1) the intraobserver error diminishes with the application of observational designs; 2) the interobserver error increases in successive series and; 3) the differences among observers modify the results of calculated biodistance between samples.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

The Helicobacter pylori Genome Project : insights into H. pylori population structure from analysis of a worldwide collection of complete genomes

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota, shares co-evolutionary history with humans. This has led to the development of genetically distinct H. pylori subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host and with differential gastric disease risk. Here, we provide insights into H. pylori population structure as a part of the Helicobacter pylori Genome Project (HpGP), a multi-disciplinary initiative aimed at elucidating H. pylori pathogenesis and identifying new therapeutic targets. We collected 1011 well-characterized clinical strains from 50 countries and generated high-quality genome sequences. We analysed core genome diversity and population structure of the HpGP dataset and 255 worldwide reference genomes to outline the ancestral contribution to Eurasian, African, and American populations. We found evidence of substantial contribution of population hpNorthAsia and subpopulation hspUral in Northern European H. pylori. The genomes of H. pylori isolated from northern and southern Indigenous Americans differed in that bacteria isolated in northern Indigenous communities were more similar to North Asian H. pylori while the southern had higher relatedness to hpEastAsia. Notably, we also found a highly clonal yet geographically dispersed North American subpopulation, which is negative for the cag pathogenicity island, and present in 7% of sequenced US genomes. We expect the HpGP dataset and the corresponding strains to become a major asset for H. pylori genomics

Trying an IP over NDN packet gateway

Even though the TCP/IP architecture has served the Internet quite satisfactorily during its more than forty years of lifespan, there are doubts about whether this host-centric paradigm is well suited for the communication patterns of modern applications. These applications mainly need to get information pieces without being bothered about where they are located in the network. Additionally, the lack of both in-built security mechanisms and proper global multicast support may also be a symptom of fundamental problems with the classic architecture. Proponents of the novel Information Centric Networking (ICN) paradigm assert that the replacement of the TCP/IP architecture with one based on the information itself could be the ideal solution to all these problems. However, if such a replacement ever takes place, it will need the help of some transition mechanisms, for instance, for the transmission of legacy IP traffic on top of the new ICN based networks. In this paper we design and optimize such an open source IP over ICN transition application using the Named Data Networking (NDN) proposal as our target ICN network. We performed several tests that confirm that our prototype is able to transparently transport IP traffic across a pure NDN network with negligible packets losses, low jitter, and good performance.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2020-113240RB-I0