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    Laser synthesis of ruby for photo-conversion of solar spectrum

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    Ruby grains are synthesized by laser heating of the dry mixture of Al2_2O3_3 and Cr2_2O3_3. Quasi-continuous radiation of a Nd:YAG laser was used for this purpose with average power of 15 W. Synthesized ruby grains demonstrate strong photo-luminescence in the vicinity of 700 nm. Synthesized ruby grains were integrated into a matrix made of flouro-polymer. Luminescene map acquired with the help of a photo-fluorimeter confirms efficient photo-conversion of green-blue radiation of the synthesize ruby into red region. Ruby grans can further be fragmented to smaller particles using the technique of laser fragmentation in liquids

    Надгробия нСкрополя ΠœΠ°Π½Π³ΡƒΠΏΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ

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    The basilica located atop Mangup plateau in the south-western highland is one of the Christian monuments of the Crimea which research provided abundant archaeological materials. Especially interesting to historians are the data related to the investigations at the Christian cemetery which developed in different chronological periods within the basilica and around it. Supplementary excavations of the basilica (1967–2005) uncovered a series of carved tombstones, which featured the architectural properties different from early slab covering of the graves. The tombstones in question testify to the flourishing of the art of stone carving in Taurica in the fourteenth and fifteenth century. From their description and analysis, it is possible to draw the conclusions concerning the stone-carving art forms development in the mediaeval Crimea. It has been remarked that the Mangup stone-carvers considered the religion of the persons who lived there and paid especial attention to the decorative design of the monuments. In the making of the tombstones for the Christian cemetery at the basilica, the local stone-carvers applied artistic techniques taken from various styles (Byzantine, Seljuk, North Caucasus), which resulted in the appearance of specific β€œMangup” style of architectural ornamentation. The local craftsmen re-worked decorative and carving techniques borrowed from foreign stone-carvers. The local products featured brevity and restrained manner.Π‘Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°, располоТСнная Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠœΠ°Π½Π³ΡƒΠΏΠ° Π² юго-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π°Π³ΠΎΡ€ΡŒΠ΅, Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ Π² число христианских памятников ΠšΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠ°, Π² процСссС изучСния ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ большой объСм архСологичСского ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. НСсомнСнный интСрСс для историков ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅, связанныС с исслСдованиСм Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ христианского нСкрополя, созданного Π½Π° пространствС Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΅. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ дослСдовании Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (1967–2005) Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ ряд Ρ€Π΅Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π°Π΄Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… памятников, ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎ своим Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π΅Π±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΈΠΉ. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈ надгробия ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΎ расцвСтС искусства ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡŒΠ±Ρ‹ Π² Π’Π°Π²Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ XIV–XVΒ Π²Π². Π˜Ρ… описаниС ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· позволя.Ρ‚ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ искусства срСднСвСкового ΠšΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠ°. ΠžΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π°Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ камнСтСсы ΠœΠ°Π½Π³ΡƒΠΏΠ° ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ„Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… здСсь людСй ΠΈ удСляли основноС Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ памятников. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π³Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΉ христианского нСкрополя Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ мСстныС Ρ€Π΅Π·Ρ‡ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ камню использовали худоТСствСнныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹, ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΠ½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… (византийский, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡŒΠ΄ΠΆΡƒΠΊΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, сСвСро-кавказский) стилСй, благодаря Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌΡƒ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎ мангупскоС Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ€Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠœΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ мастСра ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ€Π°Π±Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π»ΠΈ заимствованныС Ρƒ Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡŒΠ±Ρ‹ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π°. ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ мСстного стиля опрСдСляли сдСрТанно скупыС изобраТСния, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ
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