CORRELATION OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN UGT1A1, SLCO1B1, NAT2, AND CYP2E1 WITH HEPATOTOXICITY

Tuberculosis (TB) has been identified as one of the most highly infectious diseases in the world. Tuberculosis can be identified as pulmonary or extrapulmonary. Therapy for TB is a combination of several drugs in one treatment. The effectiveness and toxicity of TB therapy may differ in each patient because of some risk factors, especially genetic variations. This review describes several genes that can affect the effectiveness and toxicity of antituberculosis drugs, namely UGT1A1, SLCO1B1, NAT2, and CYP2E1. This review was conducted utilizing the PubMed database, with keywords used as follows: polymorphism, antituberculosis, and tuberculosis. The presence of polymorphisms in these genes can result in hepatotoxicity and decreased drug bioavailability. Therefore, polymorphisms in these genes can determine the effectiveness of TB therapy

HUBUNGAN MANFAAT PENGGUNAAN STATIN PADA PASIEN CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19): SEBUAH REVIEW

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) merupakan penyakit sindrom pernafasan akut parah dengan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tajam di seluruh dunia. Statin merupakan salah satu obat yang digunakan dalam pengobatan hiperkolesterol. Beberapa penelitian menyatakan bahwa statin dapat mengurangi tingkat keparahan penyakit infeksi COVID-19. Ulasan ini menguraikan manfaat penggunaan statin pada pasien COVID-19. Desain penulisan ini adalah study literature review. Beberapa hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa penggunaan statin sebelum dan selama pengobatan di Rumah Sakit karena COVID-19 berkaitan dengan penurunan kematian. Karena selain menurunkan kadar serum lipid dengan menghambat HMG-CoA reduktase, statin juga memiliki efek lain seperti antiinflamasi.

Anti-proliferative Activity of Crotalaria pallida Aiton on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Crotalaria pallida Aiton (C. pallida Aiton) is empirically used as dietary supplement to treat cancer by the people of North Sulawesi. However, its scientific pharmacology activity has not been explored yet. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate anti-proliferative activity of C. pallida Aiton on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The extraction of leaves and seeds were performed using ethanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and water. Phytochemical screening was then performed to identify secondary metabolites in this extract. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results indicated that ethyl acetate fraction of C. pallida Aiton has the lowest IC50 (29,67). In conclusion, ethyl acetate fraction of C. pallida Aiton is potential to be developed as anti cancer agent. Keywords: Crotalaria pallida Aiton, WST assay, MCF-7 cell lin

Economic Evaluation of the Use of Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime in the Treatment of Pneumonia in Pediatric Patients

The prevalence of pneumonia is particularly high among pediatric patients. Appropriate antibiotics selection is required to reduce mortality and morbidity rates associated with these diseases. However, information on cost-effectiveness of empirical antibiotics treatment for pneumonia was limited. This study was aimed to evaluate cost-effectiveness of cefotaxime and ceftazidime for pneumonia in pediatric patients. This study was a retrospective cross sectional study conducted at a hospital in Bandung during January-December 2012. Data were derived from medical records of pediatric pneumonia inpatients during study period. Cost was calculated based on direct medical cost, i.e., inpatient care, medical support, and medicines that were used from admission until hospital discharge. The results showed that there was no statistical difference in the average medical cost of the treatment using cefotaxime (1,197,017 IDR) and ceftazidime (2,245,748 IDR). Incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) showed that cefotaxime is more cost effective than ceftazidime with greater reduction of leukocytes level (576 IDR/mm3 ). The use of cefotaxime is recommended for the treatment of pnuemonia in pediatric patients. Keywords: cost minimization, cost effectiveness, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, pneumoni

IMPROVED SOLUBILITY OF CHOLECALCIFEROL AS BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN (BSA) NANOPARTICLES

Objective: This study aims to report the optimum formula for BSA nanoparticles cholecalciferol (BSA-NP cholecalciferol) which can increase the solubility of cholecalciferol. Methods: BSA cholecalciferol nanoparticles was prepared by desolvation method with variations in solvent/non-solvent ratio, BSA concentration, pH of BSA solution, and cholecalciferol concentration. For this purpose, particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were measured. Furthermore, the solubility test of the best BSA-NPs cholecalciferol formula was carried out. Results: The most optimal BSA nanoparticle cholecalciferol characterization results have a particle size of 166.6 ± 50.3 nm, a zeta potential of -32.1 mV, and a percentage encapsulation efficiency (%EE) for cholecalciferol of 82.9 ± 0.72%. The solubility of BSA-NP cholecalciferol is four times higher than that of pure cholecalciferol. Conclusion: The optimum formula for BSA-NP cholecalciferol with a solvent/non-solvent ratio of 1/2, a concentration of BSA of 2.5%, a BSA solution pH 6, and a cholecalciferol concentration of 0.1% will increase the solubility of cholecalciferol by four times compared to pure cholecalciferol

Potential Nephrotoxicity of Lisinopril and Valsartan on Patients with Congestive Heart Failure

Lisinopril (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) and valsartan (angiotensin II receptor blocker) are the first-line treatment for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). These two drugs potentially cause side effects on renal functions. However, limited information was available regarding the comparison of potential nephrotoxicity of these drugs in Indonesian CHF patients. This research was aimed to compare the potential nephrotoxicity between lisinopril and valsartan in outpatients with CHF at a hospital in Palu, Indonesia. This was an observational study conducted during April-May 2015. Potential nephrotoxicity were assessed by measuring serum creatinin (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Data were obtained from Cardiology Unit from a hospital in Palu, Indonesia. Statistical analysis was conducted using T-test and Mann-Whitney test. The increasing trend of SCr and BUN were observed in lisinopril-treated patients with the mean of increase were 21% and 59%, respectively. Relatively higher increase was observed in valsartan treatment group with 47% and 51% in SCr and BUN, respectively. The analysis showed that there were significant differences in SCr level between lisinopril and valsartan groups (p=0.001), but the opposite results observed in BUN parameter (p=0.697). Therefore, valsartan was potentially more nephrotoxic than lisinopril based on the increase of SCr parameter. Thus, lisinopril is recommended for CHF patients who are particularly at high risks of having renal impairment. Keywords: lisinopril, valsartan, nephrotoxicity, congestive heart failur