Comparison of Two Methods for the Determination of Selected Pesticides in Honey and Honeybee Samples

Developed and validated analytical methods for the determination of a wide spectrum of pesticide residues in honey and honeybee samples after the modification of QuEChERS extraction in combination with gas chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were discussed and compared. The developed methods were evaluated regarding the utilized equipment and reagents using Eco-Scale and compared in terms of extraction time, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and versatility, with similar procedures. The results proved that the QuEChERS protocol in combination with LC and GC techniques fulfills the requirements of green analytical chemistry, so it can be used as a tool in environmental monitoring. The recovery was 85–116% for honey and 85.5–103.5% for honeybee samples. The developed methods were successfully applied in monitoring real samples collected from three districts of Pomerania in Poland. Analysis of real samples revealed the presence of the following pesticides: bifenthrin, fenpyroximate, methidathione, spinosad, thiamethoxam, triazophos, metconazole and cypermethrin at levels higher than the MRLs established by the EU

Postrzeganie wybranych kanałów komunikacji marketingowej w zależności od wieku

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przeanalizowanie różnic w postrzeganiu kanałów komunikacji marketingowej w zależności od wieku. W artykule scharakteryzowano szeroko rozumiane pojęcie komunikacji marketingowej oraz przedstawiono podział komunikacji marketingowej na formalną oraz nieformalną. Zdefiniowano również wybrane środki przekazu reklamy zwracając szczególną uwagę na wady i zalety danego kanału. Autorka położyła akcent na wydatki, których dokonano na poszczególne kanały komunikacji w 2022 r. oraz na udział kanałów komunikacji w rynku reklamowym w Polsce. W trzeciej części artykułu przedstawiono wyniki własnego badania empirycznego. W artykule umieszczono odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące nastawienia do reklam, stopnia zainteresowania poszczególnymi rodzajami reklam oraz tego jaka reklama dostarcza największej ilości informacji. Wyniki badań zostały przedstawione w postaci wykresów.This article aims to analyze the differences in the perception of marketing communication channels organized by age. This article briefly characterizes the marketing communication concept and provides a breakdown of marketing communication into formal and informal. Also, define chosen marketing communication channels paying special attention to the advantages and disadvantages of channels. The author drew attention to expenditures made for marketing communication channels in 2022 and to market share by communication channels in the advertising market in Poland. The third part of the article presents the results of empirical research. This article placed the answers to questions concerning attitudes toward advertising, level of interest in different types of adverts, and which advertising provides much information. The results are presented in the form of graphs

Comparison of Two Methods for the Determination of Selected Pesticides in Honey and Honeybee Samples

Developed and validated analytical methods for the determination of a wide spectrum of pesticide residues in honey and honeybee samples after the modification of QuEChERS extraction in combination with gas chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and liquid chromatography–tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were discussed and compared. The developed methods were evaluated regarding the utilized equipment and reagents using Eco-Scale and compared in terms of extraction time, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and versatility, with similar procedures. The results proved that the QuEChERS protocol in combination with LC and GC techniques fulfills the requirements of green analytical chemistry, so it can be used as a tool in environmental monitoring. The recovery was 85–116% for honey and 85.5–103.5% for honeybee samples. The developed methods were successfully applied in monitoring real samples collected from three districts of Pomerania in Poland. Analysis of real samples revealed the presence of the following pesticides: bifenthrin, fenpyroximate, methidathione, spinosad, thiamethoxam, triazophos, metconazole and cypermethrin at levels higher than the MRLs established by the EU

Determination of Pesticide Residues in Honeybees using Modified QUEChERS Sample Work-Up and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Increasing emissions of chemical compounds to the environment, especially of pesticides, is one of factors that may explain present honeybee colony losses. In this work, an analytical method employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was optimized for the simultaneous screening of 19 pesticides which have not been yet determined in honeybee samples from northern Poland (Pomerania). The sample preparation, based on the QuEChERS method combining salting-out liquid-liquid extraction to acetonitrile and a dispersive-SPE clean-up, was adjusted to honeybee samples by adding a small amount of hexane to eliminate beeswax. The recovery of analytes ranged from 70% to 120% with relative standard deviation ≤20%. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.91–25 ng/g. A total of 19 samples of honeybees from suspected pesticide poisoning incidents were analyzed, in which 19 different pesticides were determined