Consumo alimentar de atletas fisiculturistas

Introduction: Bodybuilding is a sport that requires high performance to obtain results, athletes commonly adopt nutritional and pharmacological practices, which do not always have scientific support. Objective: To know the food consumption of bodybuilders athletes. Materials and Methods: The review covered original scientific articles published in the following databases: Pubmed, Scielo and Science Direct, in the end 7 articles were selected, which were published from 2014 to 2021. The Boolean form AND and OR was used as a strategy of search. Results: There are many factors intrinsic to the sport, such as: training schedules and requirements related to body image, which may influence the eating habits of these athletes. Therefore, understanding the relationships between dietary patterns and the various factors associated with sport are essential aspects for the establishment of nutritional guidelines. Final conclusion: The study contributes not only to the academic training of future physical education professionals, but also to science, and to society in general, where the data will be disclosed so that anyone can have access to them.Introdução: O fisiculturismo é um esporte que requer um alto rendimento para obtenção de resultados, comumente os atletas adotam práticas nutricionais e farmacológicas, as quais nem sempre possuem respaldo científico. Objetivo: Conhecer o consumo alimentar de atletas fisiculturistas. Materiais e Métodos: A revisão abrangeu artigos científicos originais publicados nas seguintes bases de dados: Pubmed, Scielo e Science Direct, ao final foram selecionados 7 artigos, os quais foram publicados no período de 2014 a 2021. A forma boleana AND e OR foi utilizada como estratégia de busca. Resultados: Inúmeros são os fatores intrínsecos à modalidade esportiva, tais como: esquemas de treinamento e exigências relacionadas à imagem corporal, podem representar influência nos hábitos alimentares destes atletas. Logo, o entendimento das relações entre os padrões alimentares e os diversos fatores associados ao esporte, consistem em aspectos essenciais para o estabelecimento de orientações nutricionais. Conclusão: O estudo contribui não somente para a formação acadêmica dos futuros profissionais de educação física, como também para a ciência, e para a sociedade de forma geral, onde os dados serão divulgados para que qualquer pessoa possa ter acesso aos mesmos.&nbsp

Effect of carbamide peroxide and neutral fluoride on enamel surface

This study evaluated the effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide gel on enamel surface and the remineralizing capacity of neutral fluoride applied either during or after bleaching treatment. Sixteen fragments were obtained from four extracted human teeth (incisors and molars) and assigned to four groups. Group I served as the control and groups II, III and IV underwent daily 8-hour carbamide peroxide bleaching treatment for 2 weeks. Additionally, group III was treated with 2% neutral fluoride gel for 4 minutes/day, and group IV received one single application of fluoride gel at the end of the 2-week bleaching treatment. Specimens were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Micrograph analysis showed that the bleaching gel caused changes to the enamel surface and that the application of neutral fluoride gel during or after treatment did not completely reverse the changes caused by bleaching. Carbamide peroxide increased enamel porosity. Application of neutral fluoride gel during or after the treatment did not produce any significant decrease in enamel porosity. Total enamel recovery seems to be more strongly associated with the buffering properties of saliva than with the use of different fluoride application protocols

Femtosecond laser-assisted deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in phototherapeutic keratectomy versus the big-bubble technique in keratoconus

AIM: To compare the functional and anatomic results of femtosecond laser (FSL)-assisted deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) associated with phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) and FSL-assisted DALK performed using the big-bubble technique in keratoconus. METHODS: During the first phase of the study, an electron microscopy histopathology pilot study was conducted that included four unsuitable donor corneas divided into two groups: in FSL group, FSL lamellar cuts were performed on two corneas and in FSL+ PTK group, PTK was performed at the stromal beds of two corneas after FSL lamellar cuts were made. During the second phase of the study, a randomized clinical trial was conducted that included two treatment groups of patients with keratoconus: group 1 (n= 14 eyes) underwent FSL-assisted DALK associated with PTK and group 2 (n= 12 eyes) underwent FSL-assisted DALK associated with the big-bubble technique. The main outcome measures were the postoperative visual acuity (VA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements, confocal microscopic findings, and contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: In the pilot study, histopathology showed a more regular stromal bed in the FSL+ PTK group. In the clinical trial, group 1 had significantly worse best spectacle-corrected VA and contrast sensitivity (P< 0.05 for both comparisons). The residual stromal bed measured by OCT was significantly (P< 0.05) thicker in group 1. Confocal microscopy detected opacities only at the donor-receptor interface in group 1. CONCLUSION: Patients with keratoconus treated with FSL-assisted DALK performed using the big-bubble technique fare better than treated with FSL-assisted DALK associated with PTK.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, BR-04039032 Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista Med, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, BR-04039032 Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Exercise training reduces sympathetic nerve activity and improves executive performance in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of exercise training (ET) on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and executive performance during Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) also referred to as mental stress test. METHODS: Forty-four individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and no significant co-morbidities were randomized into 2 groups; 15 individuals completed the control period, and 18 individuals completed the ET. Mini-mental state of examination and intelligence quotient were also assessed. MSNA assessed by microneurography, heart rate by electrocardiography, blood pressure (automated oscillometric device) were measured at baseline and during 3 min of the SCWT. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2&nbsp;peak) was evaluated using cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Executive performance was assessed by the total correct responses during 3 min of the SCWT. ET consisted of 3 weekly sessions of aerobic exercise, resistance exercises, and flexibility (72 sessions, achieved in 40±3.9 weeks). RESULTS: Baseline parameters were similar between groups. Heart rate, blood pressure, and MSNA responses during SCWT were similar between groups (p&gt;0.05). The comparisons between groups showed that the changes in VO2&nbsp;(4.7±0.8&nbsp;vs&nbsp;-1.2±0.4) and apnea-hypopnea index (-7.4±3.1&nbsp;vs&nbsp;5.5±3.3) in the exercise-trained group were significantly greater than those observed in the control group respectively (p&lt;0.05) after intervention. ET reduced MSNA responses (p&lt;0.05) and significantly increased the number of correct answers (12.4%) during SCWT. The number of correct answers was unchanged in the control group (p&gt;0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ET improves sympathetic response and executive performance during SCWT, suggesting a prominent positive impact of ET on prefrontal functioning in individuals with OSA. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT002289625

CAPTURA ACIDENTAL DA GAROUPA GOLIAS Epinephelus itajara (LICHTENSTEIN, 1822) E Epinephelus sp (BLOCH, 1793) NA PESCA INDUSTRIAL DA COSTA NORTE DO BRASIL: UMA ESPÉCIE CRITICAMENTE AMEAÇADA

Industrial trawling fisheries bycatch are diverse and abundant, catching a significant species richness. Inside captured endangered species like goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara. Five specimens were captured with bottom twin trawls, by shrimps industrial vessels, in Amazon continental shelf. Considering the novelty of the registry, the data reinforce the need for actions that minimize the catches of goliath grouper judges for their bioecological characteristics that classify it as critically endangered.Keywords: Goliath grouper; industrial fishery; by catch; conservation status.A fauna acompanhante das pescarias de arrasto industriais é diversa e abundante, capturando uma significativa riqueza. Dentre estas algumas são ameaçadas de extinção, como o mero Epinephelus itajara. Foram capturados cinco espécimes com redes de arrasto de fundo individuais, através das embarcações de camarões industriais na plataforma continental amazônica. Considerando o ineditismo do registro, os dados reforçam a necessidade de ações que minimizem as capturas de meros a julgar por suas características bioecológicas que o classificam como criticamente ameaçada.Palavras chave: mero, pesca industrial, pesca acessória, status de conservação

RELAÇÃO DA CARGA SUBJETIVA DURANTE O TESTE DE REPETIÇÃO MÁXIMA PARA O MEMBRO INFERIOR EM INDIVÍDUOS TREINADOS

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar as diferenças entre a carga subjetiva (1T) com as alcançadas nas tentativas posteriores (2T e 3T) no teste de 10 RM em indivíduos treinados para exercícios do membro inferior. O grupo experimental foi composto de 16 indivíduos do sexo masculino (24,4 À 6,7 anos, 78,6 À 9,42 kg, 171À 6,14 cm). Foram realizadas três tentativas com o intervalo de 5 minutos entre as mesmas e de 20 minutos entre os exercícios cadeira extensora (EXT) e agachamento (AGA). A análise de variância apresentou diferença significativa quando da comparação entre os resultados apresentados para EXT e AGA. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) foi de 0,91 e 0,85 para os exercícios EXT e AGA, respectivamente. Parece que a determinação da carga inicial de forma subjetiva pode não ser um parâmetro confiável para a prescrição do treinamento de força, sendo necessária a aplicação do teste para a obtenção deste parâmetro

Biometric alterations in thoracic limbs of vaquejada horses

This study aimed to determine the frequency of biometric alterations in thoracic limbs of vaquejada horses. A sample of 1,270 horses of either sex and different age groups competing in vaquejada as either puxador (leading) or esteira (trailing) roles were used. Measurements were made of body length, thoracic circumference, and circumferences of the forearm, knee, cannon, fetlock, and pastern of the right- and left-side thoracic limbs. Asymmetry in the five regions of thoracic limbs was also determined by calculating the difference between the right- and left-side circumferences of each region. Physical examination was conducted in 598 horses by palpating the knee, cannon, fetlock, and pastern to identify possible orthopedic alterations. The results of the differences between the circumferences of thoracic limbs of either side were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test and the prevalence of orthopedic alterations was compared by frequency distribution test. Asymmetry was observed between the right- and left-side thoracic limbs in 99.3% of horses, especially in the forearm. Of the 598 horses examined via palpation, 481 individuals (80.4%) exhibited orthopedic alterations in at least one of the four regions examined, with the highest prevalence of alterations in the cannon and fetlock. In addition, the proportions of individuals with orthopedic alterations increased linearly with age, while higher values in the conformation and dactyl-thoracic indices also resulted in higher prevalence of alterations. It was concluded that the frequency of biometric alterations in thoracic limbs of vaquejada horses is high

ESTADO DO CONHECIMENTO DA FAUNA DE INVERTEBRADOS NÃO-MARINHOS DA ILHA GRANDE (ANGRA DOS REIS, RJ)

Ilha Grande, a continental island located at Southern of Rio de Janeiro state, has important remnants of Atlantic Rainforest. However, the knowledge of the non-marine invertebrate fauna is not sufficiently well known, concerning not only taxonomic groups but also geographic areas. Considering the relevance of biodiversity inventories to conservation, allied to the absence of organized information about the existing data, we prepared a taxonomic list of the non-marine invertebrates reported to Ilha Grande, including distributional data, based on primary data of ongoing research projects and literature. The list is composed of 465 taxa of non-marine invertebrates, mainly Arthropoda (72.9%), followed by Mollusca (22.15%). Among cited taxa 25.52% are in the species category and 60% are in the genus category. The data analysis revealed an information increase since 1999 and that this information are concentrated at Vila Dois Rios region. Results show the need for improving Ilha Grande faunistic inventories, focusing taxonomic groups and areas, in order to fill the huge existing gaps.Ilha Grande, una isla continental situada al sur del estado de Río de Janeiro, tiene importantes remanentes de La Mata Atlántica. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la fauna de invertebrados no-marinos es aún limitado, no solo en relación con los grupos taxonómicos sino también con las áreas geográficas. Considerando la importancia de los inventarios de biodiversidad para la conservación y tendiendo en cuenta la falta de información organizada sobre los registros disponibles, elaboramos una lista de los taxones citados y sus respectivas localidades, utilizando datos primarios de proyectos actualmente en desarrollo y fuentes bibliográficas disponibles. La lista está compuesta por 465 taxones de invertebrados no-marinos, principalmente por el Phylum Arthopoda (72.9%), seguido por el Phylum Mollusca (22.15%). Entre los taxones citados 27.52% corresponden a la categoría de especie y 60% a la categoría de género. El análisis de los datos reveló que la información se incrementó desde 1999 y que está concentrada en la región Vila Dois Rios. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la necesidad de realizar inventarios faunísticos en  Ilha Grande, ampliando los grupos taxonómicos y áreas geográficas, para completar las grandes lagunas detectadas.A Ilha Grande, situada ao sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, possui importantes remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica. Entretanto, o conhecimento sobre sua fauna de invertebrados não-marinhos ainda é restrito, tanto em abrangência de grupos taxonômicos como em áreas geográficas. Devido à importância de inventários de biodiversidade para a conservação e tendo em vista a falta de informação organizada sobre os registros disponíveis, elaboramos uma lista dos táxons citados e suas respectivas localidades, utilizando dados primários de projetos em andamento e as fontes bibliográficas disponíveis. O resultado consiste em uma lista com 465 táxons de invertebrados não-marinhos, a grande maioria do Filo Arthropoda (72,9%) seguido do filo Mollusca (22,15%). Dos táxons citados 27,2% estão na categoria específica e 60% na categoria gênero. A análise dos dados mostrou que houve um incremento de informação a partir de 1999, e que essa informação está concentrada no entorno da Vila Dois Rios. Os resultados apresentados demonstram a necessidade de realização de inventários de fauna, com ampliação dos grupos taxonômicos e das áreas estudadas, no sentido de completar as imensas lacunas detectadas

Digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with breast cancer

Purpose: Digit ratio (2D:4D) has been considered as a proxy biomarker for prenatal hormonal exposure and may represent an individual’s predisposition to breast cancer. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether there is a link between digit ratio and breast cancer in a Brazilian population.Methods: Digital measurements of the lengths of the index and ring fingers of both hands were obtained from women with breast cancer (n = 100) and age-matched controls (n = 100) using a digital Vernier calliper. Mean digit ratios of right hands, left hands, and right minus left hand 2D:4D (DR-L) were compared between both groups. Data were analysed by the Student's t-test for unpaired samples, Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman`s correlation with a significance level of 5%.Results: The patients with breast cancer presented significantly higher right and left 2D:4D (both p &lt; 0.001) and higher DR-L (p = 0.032) than controls. Among breast cancer cases, there was a significantly negative correlation between left 2D:4D and age diagnosed with breast cancer (p = 0.018).Conclusion: Digit ratio offers a valid retrospective biomarker of action of prenatal hormones and might be associated with breast cancer risk and age at onset of breast cancer. It suggests that higher exposure or sensitivity to prenatal oestrogen might be associated with a higher risk of breast cancer and with earlier onset of the disease