30 % para 2030: América Latina e a nova meta global para seus sistemas de áreas protegidas

In October 2021, representatives of the countries that have ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity will meet in China to consider new goals for the next decade. There is a consensus that a new goal will be established to conserve, in protected areas, 30 % of the planet's surface, both on land and in the sea. This means doubling the current global coverage of terrestrial protected lands and tripling the coverage of marine areas by 2030. This article analyzes different approaches and tools needed to be used together to achieve this ambitious goal in Latin America and ensure that the management of both existing and new protected areas is more effective and equitable.En octubre de 2021, representantes de los países que han ratificado la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica se reunirán en China para considerar nuevas metas para el próximo decenio.  Hay consenso en que se establecerá una nueva meta para la conservación de áreas protegidas: 30 % de la superficie del planeta, tanto en tierra como en el mar, para 2030.  Esto significa duplicar la cobertura mundial actual de áreas protegidas terrestres, así como triplicar la cobertura de áreas marinas para 2030. Este artículo analiza diferentes enfoques y herramientas que serán necesarios utilizar conjuntamente, para intentar cumplir con esa meta ambiciosa en América Latina, no solo ampliar el sistema de áreas protegidas de América Latina, sino también asegurar que la gestión tanto de áreas ya existentes como nuevas sea más efectiva y equitativa. Em outubro de 2021, representantes dos países que ratificaram a Convenção sobre a diversidade Biológica se reunirão na China para considerar novos objetivos para a próxima década.  Já existe consenso quanto à criação de um novo objetivo de conservação em áreas protegidas: 30 % da superfície do planeta, tanto em terra como no mar, até 2030.  Isto significa duplicar a atual cobertura mundial de áreas protegidas terrestres, bem como triplicar a cobertura de áreas marinhas até 2030. Este artigo analisa diferentes abordagens e ferramentas que serão necessárias para se utilizar em conjunto, para tentar cumprir esse objetivo ambicioso na América Latina e não apenas expandir o sistema de áreas protegidas da América Latina, mas também assegurar que a gestão de áreas já existentes e novas seja mais eficaz e equitativa.&nbsp

Constraint Based System-Level Diagnosis of Multiprocessors

Massively parallel multiprocessors induce new requirements for system-level fault diagnosis, like handling a huge number of processing elements in an inhomogeneous system. Traditional diagnostic models (like PMC, BGM, etc.) are insufficient to fulfill all of these requirements. This paper presents a novel modelling technique, based on a special area of artificial intelligence (AI) methods: constraint satisfaction (CS). The constraint based approach is able to handle functional faults in a similar way to the Russel-Kime model. Moreover, it can use multiple-valued logic to deal with system components having multiple fault modes. The resolution of the produced models can be adjusted to fit the actual diagnostic goal. Consequently, constrint based methods are applicable to a much wider range of multiprocessor architectures than earlier models. The basic problem of system-level diagnosis, syndrome decoding, can be easily transformed into a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP). Thus, the diagnosis algorithm can be derived from the related constraint solving algorithm. Different abstraction leveles can be used for the various diagnosis resolutions, employing the same methodology. As examples, two algorithms are described in the paper; both of them is intended for the Parsytec GCel massively parallel system. The centralized method uses a more elaborate system model, and provides detailed diagnostic information, suitable for off-line evaluation. The distributed method makes fast decisions for reconfiguration control, using a simplified model. Keywords system-level self-diagnosis, massively parallel computing systems, constraint satisfaction, diagnostic models, centralized and distributed diagnostic algorithms

Building Professional Competency of Conservation Practitioners in the USA and Internationally: Colorado State University’s Center for Protected Area Management

Since its first forestry courses over a century ago, Colorado State University has long been recognized as a leading university training provider for conservation practitioners. The Center for Protected Area Management and Training (CPAMT) in the Warner College of Natural Resources at CSU continues CSU’s long-standing legacy as a leading training provider of field staff for government and private sector conservation organizations in the USA and internationally. This paper highlights achievements of CPAMT over the past two decades, including its longstanding annual international short course on protected area management for Latin American conservationists, development of similar courses in many countries abroad, participation in a consortium with five other US universities, the US National Park Service and the National Parks Conservation Association that has developing a leadership certificate in public lands management for USNPS and other land managers, and development of an intensive training program for forest, wildlife and park managers from India. Use of novel approaches to learning are outlined, such as use of blended courses combining online and residential and classroom and field portions, creation of an online portal to create a permanent learning community for course graduates, and development of workshops and a training manual to boost the pedagogical skills of developing country conservation trainers. Elements of CSU’s approach, such as thorough evaluation during and after events, longitudinal studies of course graduates, partnerships with other universities and conservation agencies in course design and delivery, and development of a core of committed trainers and funders for our international work, are highlighte

Conservation, science and society. Contributions

Ilus. 1 ref. Sum. (En)This paper describes ongoing efforts to establish and manage a lateral biosphere reserve containing a complex of natural and cultural reserves along the Costa Rica-Panama border. It is the largest, most diverse wildland area remaining in southern Central America, home to indigenous peoples maintaining subsistance lifestyles and containing most of the two countries' hydroelectricity generating potential. The history of conservation efforts in the region and the considerable probleMON encountered in its planning and integrated management are described. Management priorities are outlined, such as land ownership consolidation, boundary adjustment, completion of individual reserve management plans and overall reserve management guidelines, implementation of resource protection, environmental education/extension and applied research programmes, and improved inter-agency cooperation in reserve management. Long-term management goals for the biosphere reserve are reviewed, including, improving land utilization practices in and near the area, investigatin and applying native people's knowledge of wild genetic resources, producing sustainable economic benefits for reserve inhabitants and national populations through integrated management of the reserve, and, assuring lasting protection of the region's outstanding natural and cultural resources. Threats to reserve integrity are described, including plans for pipelines, mining, and road construction, archaeological site looting, poaching and spontaneous colonization. International assistance in reserve planning and management, including biosphere reserve and World Heritage Site designation, is seen as stimulating local support for reserve protection and opposition to development projects which threaten the reserve

Best Practices for Tourism Concessions in Protected Areas: A Review of the Field

Despite the importance of protected areas (PAs) worldwide to protect biodiversity, reduce poverty and promote sustainable development, throughout the world governments struggle to adequately fund PAs to meet conservation goals. Tourism is seen as a viable financial option for PAs, with tourism concessions through private sector partnerships gaining momentum that allows the overarching goal of preservation and conservation to remain with the state. However, without appropriate planning or best practices in place, tourism concessions can lead to such problems as waste, habitat destruction and the displacement of local people and wildlife. We analyzed tourism concession agreements in government documents from 22 countries to provide an overview of what best practices for tourism concessions are being established and what practices might need to be better incorporated into agreements. The greatest weaknesses of best practices appear to be with concession qualifications, legal, and financial responsibilities, while the strengths included environmental and empowerment/social responsibilities. This initial assessment of contract components will provide a baseline to further develop best practices and assist protected area managers, local communities, and conservation practitioners working with tourism in PAs to ensure that tourism has a positive impact on protected area management

Nature-based Tourism and Wellbeing

All around the world, as growing numbers of tourists and recreational visitors flock to protected and other natural areas stimulated by a renewed search for physical, mental, and even spiritual health and wellbeing, different practices and behaviours emerge. The book brings together experiences and perspectives from many countries around the world. On the demand side, the experiences are united by the desire of tourists to find a real and regenerating connection in nature. On the supply side, designing and managing tourist systems that preserve natural capital in good condition requires great professionalism to dynamically maintain a fragile and delicate balance between tourists, local communities, and nature. By understanding the attitudes and emerging norms of behaviour within the context of nature-based tourism, we can begin to sketch a roadmap to enabling more holistic, enjoyable, healthy and responsible visitor experiences; facilitate ecosystem conservation; contribute to the mental and physical wellbeing of tourists and outdoor recreationists; build sustainable economies and resilient destinations and livelihoods. This book is relevant for academic researchers, advanced tourism and conservation students, and practitioners working in nature-based tourism and conservation, especially those with a focus on natural destinations, as well as those interested in consumer behaviour, business and management, recreation, and sustainable tourism development