Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in -5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/291</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():291-291.</p><p>Published online 17 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2443395.</p><p></p

Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in -2

Cteria, with emphasis on genes encoding putative membrane receptors, signal transducers, transcription factors and selected metabolic pathways. Over- or under-expressed genes are indicated in yellow and grey, respectively. Genes detected in the comparison V12M2 vs. AX2 growing on bacteria are indicated in italics. Phagocytosis leads to overexpression of putative membrane receptors, tetraspanins and metabotropic receptors. Receptor clustering due to bacterial binding, and to the scaffold activity of tetraspanin, may generate signalling complexes containing also GPCR's. Activation of the heterotrimeric G protein [5], putatively autocrine signals or bacterial metabolites binding to GPCR's, will regulate actin reshaping in the phagocytic cup, favouring phagocytosis. We further suggest that the same signal complex at the membrane of the phagocytic cup or the engulfed phagosome may generate signals regulating gene expression, which can be mediated by a TIR-domain containing protein acting on transcription factors. Up-regulation of genes involved in sterol metabolism leads to increased production of sterols, which we suggest to be preferentially incorporated in phagocytic cups and phagosomal membrane. GABA may accumulate as catabolic product of glutamate, due to the high activity of GadA and GadB glutamate decarboxylase. Whether it is released and acts as autocrine signal is open. Regulation of phosphoinositides may regulate phagosomal maturation and fusion with lysosomes. See Additional Files , , for DDB ID numbers of genes encoding the protein products indicated. The DDB ID numbers in the lower box, without protein product indication, identify genes, which are strongly stimulated by phagocytosis and encode hypothetical membrane proteins with no identifiable domains.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/291</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():291-291.</p><p>Published online 17 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2443395.</p><p></p

Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in -0

Hese, 14 are directly or indirectly linked to glutamate metabolism, as shown in the Figure. Over- and under-expressed genes are shown in yellow and grey, respectively. (DDB0206436) and (DDB0188068), encode the glutamate decarboxylase A and B [51], respectively and are strongly over-expressed. Up-regulated are also a putative proline dehydrogenase (, DDB0167252), which catalyzes the formation of L-glutamic acid γ-semialdehyde, the histidine ammonia lyase (, DDB0187742) and the glutamic acid formiiminotransferase (, DDB0187716), which are both involved in the major pathway for converting histidine to glutamic acid. Up-regulated is also the gene for the 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (, DDB0188868), which generates a potential substrate for the formiimino group released by the formiiminotransferase. Slightly up-regulated is also the gene for the glutamate dehydrogenase (, DDB0187484), which leads to α-ketoglutarate formation from L-glutamic acid. Downregulated are seven genes encoding putative enzymes involved in the conversion of L-glutamic acid to, respectively, L-ornithine (, DDB0186887, , DDB0190334 and , DDB0189404), serine (, DDB0203991 and , DDB0190692) or lysine (, DDB0218638 and , DDB0186419). In the assumption that the regulation of all these genes is reflected at enzymatic level, a preferential accumulation of glutamate and its conversion to GABA and α-ketoglutarate could be inferred.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/291</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():291-291.</p><p>Published online 17 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2443395.</p><p></p

Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in -1

Ir small G protein regulators, which are detected in the microarray, with their interactions as known from literature. Over- and under-expressed genes are shown in yellow or grey, respectively. In italics are indicated genes, which are detected in the comparison V12M2 cells vs. AX2 growing on bacteria. The vast majority of these genes is down-regulated. See text for comments. For the DDB ID numbers of the genes see Additional Files , , .<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Genome-wide transcriptional changes induced by phagocytosis or growth on bacteria in "</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/291</p><p>BMC Genomics 2008;9():291-291.</p><p>Published online 17 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2443395.</p><p></p