Exercise Training-Induced Changes in Inflammatory Mediators and Heat Shock Proteins in Canoeists

According to cytokine overtraining theory, skeletal muscle injuries are related to systemic inflammatory reaction. In response to inflammation, cells rapidly produce a series of proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs).These are considered to be molecular chaperones which play a universal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Among the subset of stress-responsive proteins, HSP27 and HSP70 are considered to be a new approach to monitoring exercise training and adaptive mechanisms. The study was designed to demonstrate the effect of sport training on changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines and HSPs, and their relation with muscle damage and body composition. Six elite canoeists (19.8 ±2.9 yr) were observed during preparatory training period (March) at the 1st, the 4th and after 7 days of the conditioning camp, and then after 3 days of recovery. The canoeing training did not induce muscle damage, decreased in IL-1β and HSP27, increased in TNFα and HSP70 concentrations. The highest changes in TNFα and HSP70 were observed 3 days after conditioning camp (during recovery) compared to initial level (the 1st day of conditioning camp). TNFα correlated with HSP27 (r = –0.563; P < 0.01) and HSP70 (r = 0.651; P < 0.001). Any significant changes in body composition were not observed. In conclusion, we could say that typical canoeing training improves cytokines and HSPs release, however, the changes are not related to muscle damage

Role of testosterone in skeletal muscle regeneration after physical effort

Muscle fibre damage may result from muscular work (eccentric contractions), an acidbase balance disorder, energy deficiency, temperature increase, hypoxia as well as nitrogen and oxygen stress. The process of muscle fibre damage regeneration includes four phases: degeneration, inflammatory and immune responses, regeneration and reorganization, which are governed by the number of molecules such as hormones, inflammatory response mediators, growth factors, enzymes and other. Some of them strongly stimulate proliferation and differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) and muscle growth, while the others may inhibit the processes. For many years, testosterone has been considered a main factor that stimulates muscle regeneration, hypertrophy and adaptation to physical effort. It is also thought of as being an indicator of changes in the anabolic – catabolic balance and state of overtraining in physically active people. The aim of the article is to introduce the up-to-date information on molecular mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration and the role of testosterone in regeneration and adaptation of skeletal muscles to physical effort.W wyniku pracy mięśni (skurcze ekscentryczne), zaburzenia równowagi kwasowo-zasadowej, niedoboru energii, wzrostu temperatury, niedotlenienia i stresu azotowo-tlenowego dochodzi do uszkodzenia włókien mięśniowych. Proces odbudowy uszkodzonych mięśni obejmuje cztery fazy - degeneracji, odpowiedzi zapalnej i immunologicznej, regeneracji oraz reorganizacji, regulowanych przez szereg cząsteczek, jak hormony, mediatory reakcji zapalnej, czynniki wzrostu, enzymy i in. Jedne z nich silnie stymulują proliferację i różnicowanie komórek macierzystych mięśni (ang. muscle-derived stem cells, MDSC) oraz wzrost mięśni, inne mogą hamować. Od wielu lat testosteron jest uważany za główny czynnik stymulujący odbudowę, hipertrofię i adaptację mięśni do wysiłku fizycznego oraz wskaźnik zmian równowagi anaboliczno-katabolicznej i stanu przetrenowania osób aktywnych fizycznie. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie aktualnych informacji na temat molekularnych mechanizmów regeneracji mięśni szkieletowych oraz roli testosteronu w regeneracji i adaptacji mięśni szkieletowych do wysiłku fizycznego

Circulating Mediators of Apoptosis and Inflammation in Aging; Physical Exercise Intervention

Sarcopenia is an age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass caused by many cellular mechanisms and also by lifestyle factors such as low daily physical activity. In addition, it has been shown that sarcopenia may be associated with inflammation and cognitive impairment in old age. Regular exercise is key in reducing inflammation and preventing sarcopenia and diseases related to cognitive impairment. The study was designed to assess the impact of exercise training on circulating apoptotic and inflammatory markers of sarcopenia in older adults. Eighty older adults aged 70.5 ± 5.8 years were randomized to the physically active group who participated in a 10-month Tai-Chi training session (TC, n = 40) and the control group who participated in health education sessions (HE, n = 40). Tai-Chi training caused a significant decrease in fat mass (FM) by 3.02 ± 3.99%, but an increase in appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) by 1.76 ± 3.17% and gait speed by 9.07 ± 11.45%. Tai-Chi training elevated the plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), and tumor necrosis receptor factor II (TNFRII), and decreased caspases 8 and 9. Despite the increase in TNFα, apoptosis was not initiated, i.e., the cell-free DNA level did not change in the TC group. The study demonstrated that Tai-Chi training significantly reduced the symptoms of sarcopenia through the changes in body composition and physical performance, and improvements in cytokine-related mechanisms of apoptosis

Generacja tlenku azotu w odpowiedzi na intensywny wysiłek fizyczny

Tlenek azotu (NO), jako cząsteczka sygnałowa, odgrywa kluczową rolę w odbudowie włókien mięśniowych szczególnie we wczesnej fazie po uszkodzeniu, inicjując proliferację komórek macierzystych mięśni (ang. satellite cells), angiogenezę i synaptogenezę w aksonach motoneuronu, i w efekcie wzrost siły skurczu mięśnia. Celem badań była ocena zmian stężenia NO pod wpływem intensywnego wysiłku fizycznego, zależności między generacją NO a uszkodzeniem mięśni szkieletowych i składem ciała. Badania przeprowadzono z udziałem 18-osobowej grupy kobiet i mężczyzn w wieku 21,3 ± 2,0 lat. Badani zostali poddani testowi wysiłkowemu o wzrastającej intensywności do odmowy. Krew pobierano przed wysiłkiem, w 1 min, 30 min, 24 godz i 48 godz po wysiłku. W surowicy krwi oznaczono stężenie mioglobiny (Mb; wskaźnik uszkodzenia mięśni) i tlenku azotu (NO) metodami immunoenzymatycznymi. Analizę składu ciała dokonano metodą impedancji bioelektrycznej (ang. bioelectrical impedance, BIA). Stężenie Mb i NO wzrosło statystycznie istotnie w 1 min po zakończeniu wysiłku, i utrzymywało się na wysokim poziomie do 24 godz po wysiłku. Między stężeniem Mb a NO zaobserwowano dodatnią korelację (r=0,446, P<0,001). Ponadto wykazano zależność pomiędzy komponentami składu ciała a maksymalnym pochłanianiem tlenu. Wskaźnik masy tkanki tłuszczowej (ang. fat mass index) korelował z wartością VO2max (r=-0,521, P<0,001), ale nie korelował ze stężeniem NO. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że uszkodzenie mięśni wywołane intensywnym wysiłkiem fizycznym zwiększa wytwarzanie NO, który może odgrywać istotną rolę w adaptacji organizmu do wysiłku fizycznego

Pre-Existing Hypertension Is Related with Disproportions in T-Lymphocytes in Older Age

Age-related immune deficiencies increase the risk of comorbidities and mortality. This study evaluated immunosenescence patterns by flow cytometry of naïve and memory T cell subpopulations and the immune risk profile (IRP), expressed as the CD4/CD8 ratio and IgG CMV related to comorbidities. The disproportions in naïve and memory T cells, as well as in the CD4/CD8 ratio, were analysed in 99 elderly individuals (71.9 ± 5.8 years) diagnosed with hypertension (n = 51) or without hypertension (n = 48), using an eight-parameter flow cytometer. The percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher in hypertensive than other individuals independently from CMV infections, with approximately 34% having CD4/CD8 > 2.5, and only 4% of the elderly with hypertension having CD4/CD8 75 years. The decline in CD4+ naïve T lymphocytes was more prominent in IgG CMV+ men when compared to IgG CMV+ women. The changes in naïve and memory T lymphocyte population, CD4/CD8, and CMV seropositivity included in IRP are important markers of health status in the elderly that are dependent on hypertension

Free Fatty Acids and Their Inflammatory Derivatives Affect BDNF in Stroke Patients

Objective. The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects poststroke functional outcome, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity. Its level is related to the diet and nutritional status, and more specifically, it is free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids that can have an impact on the BDNF level. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential impact of FFAs and eicosanoids on the BDNF level in stroke patients. Material and Methods. Seventy-three ischemic stroke patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. Laboratory tests were performed in all subjects, including the levels of FFAs, eicosanoids, and BDNF. FFAs and inflammatory metabolites were determined by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, while BDNF was evaluated by the immune-enzymatic method (ELISA). Results. The plasma level of BDNF negatively correlated with C22:1n9 13 erucic acid, C18:3n3 linolenic acid (ALA), and lipoxin A4 15-epi-LxA4. A direct association was observed in relation to BDNF and C16:1 palmitoleic acid and C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA)). Conclusions. Saturated fatty acids and omega-3 and omega-9 erucic acids can affect signaling in the BDNF synthesis resulting in the decrease in BDNF. There is a beneficial effect of DGLA on the BDNF level, while the effect of ALA on BDNF can be inhibitory. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators can play a role in the BDNF metabolism. BDNF can interact with inflammation as the risk factor in the cardiovascular disorders, including stroke

Immunosenescence in Aging-Related Vascular Dysfunction

The immunosenescence-related disproportion in T lymphocytes may have important consequences for endothelial dysfunction, which is a key event in vascular aging. The study was designed to assess the prognostic values of the inflammatory-immune profile to better predict and prevent vascular diseases associated with old age. Eighty individuals aged 70.9 &plusmn; 5.3 years were allocated to a low- (LGI) or high-grade inflammation (HGI) group based on CRP (&lt;3 or &ge;3 mg/L) as a conventional risk marker of cardiovascular diseases. Significant changes in inflammatory and endothelium-specific variables IL-1&beta;, IL-6, TNF&alpha;, oxLDL, H2O2, NO, 3-nitrotyrosine, and endothelial progenitor cells (OR 7.61, 95% CI 2.56&ndash;29.05, p &lt; 0.0001), confirmed their interplay in vascular inflammation. The flow-cytometry analysis demonstrated a high disproportion in T lymphocytes CD4+ and CD8+ between LGI and HGI groups. CRP was &lt;3 mg/mL for the CD4/CD8 ratio within the reference values &ge; 1 or &le;2.5, unlike for the CD4/CD8 ratio &lt; 1 and &gt;2.5. The odds ratios for the distribution of CD4+ (OR 5.98, 95% CI 0.001&ndash;0.008, p &lt; 0.001), CD8+ (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08&ndash;0.59, p &lt; 0.01), and CD8CD45RO+ T na&iuml;ve cells (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.097&ndash;0.695, p &lt; 0.01) and CD4/CD8 (OR 5.69, 95% CI 2.07&ndash;17.32, p &lt; 0.001) indicated a potential diagnostic value of T lymphocytes for clinical prognosis in aging-related vascular dysfunction

The Association of Anti-Inflammatory Diet Ingredients and Lifestyle Exercise with Inflammaging

One of the latest theories on ageing focuses on immune response, and considers the activation of subclinical and chronic inflammation. The study was designed to explain whether anti-inflammatory diet and lifestyle exercise affect an inflammatory profile in the Polish elderly population. Sixty individuals (80.2 ± 7.9 years) were allocated to a low-grade inflammation (LGI n = 33) or high-grade inflammation (HGI n = 27) group, based on C-reactive protein concentration (&lt;3 or ≥3 mg/L) as a conventional marker of systemic inflammation. Diet analysis focused on vitamins D, C, E, A, β-carotene, n-3 and n-6 PUFA using single 24-h dietary recall. LGI demonstrated a lower n-6/n-3 PUFA but higher vitamin D intake than HGI. Physical performance based on 6-min walk test (6MWT) classified the elderly as physically inactive, whereby LGI demonstrated a significantly higher gait speed (1.09 ± 0.26 m/s) than HGI (0.72 ± 0.28 m/s). Circulating interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, IL-13, TNFα and cfDNA demonstrated high concentrations in the elderly with low 6MWT, confirming an impairment of physical performance by persistent systemic inflammation. These findings reveal that increased intake of anti-inflammatory diet ingredients and physical activity sustained throughout life attenuate progression of inflammaging in the elderly and indicate potential therapeutic strategies to counteract pathophysiological effects of ageing