Towards Effective Management: Toxicity, Causal Mechanism and Controlling Strategy of Toxic Rangeland Weeds in Western China

Toxic rangeland weeds (TRWs) pose a great threat to animal husbandry. Currently, an estimated 33 million hectares of pasture (10%) in western China is infested by a variety of toxic weeds, including Stellera chamaejasme, Oxytropis spp., Astragalus spp., Achnatherum inebrians. The spread of these toxic weeds results in huge annual economic losses of more than $2.4 billion USD (direct and indirect). A combination of ecology, molecular biology, biochemistry and field practise methods will be used to identify and evaluate TRWs, explore the mechanism of toxicity, and more importantly, understand the causal mechanism by which TRWs flourish. The knowledge will underpin the development of effective management strategies

Antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemic effects of polysaccharidic extract from sea cucumber processing liquor

Sea cucumber is a seafood of high nutritional value. During its processing, sea cucumber processing liquor is routinely produced, which is usually discarded as waste. The chemical composition of this processing liquor is similar to sea cucumbers themselves. Hence, valuable ingredients, such as functional polysaccharides, could be obtained from them. Results Biologically active polysaccharides from sea cucumber processing liquor were extracted through protease hydrolysis and electroosmosis. The analysis revealed that the polysaccharide extract from sea cucumber processing liquor (PESCPL) is predominantly composed of mannose, in addition to some glucose and fucose. The antioxidant activity of PESCPL was analyzed using in vitro. It was demonstrated that PESCPL could effectively scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals. The effect of PESCPL was investigated in vivo by using mice model fed with high-fat diets with/without PESCPL supplement. It was shown that PESCPL could increase the catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in the serum and decrease serum malonaldehyde content. Furthermore, mice fed with PESCPL diet showed a considerable decrease in the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Conclusions Our research highlights that PESCPL is a natural antioxidant and could be utilized as a therapeutic supplement for dyslipidemia

Textural and biochemical changes of scallop Patinopecten yessoensis adductor muscle during low-temperature long-time (LTLT) processing

In this study, the effects of low-temperature long-time (LTLT) processing on the quality of Patinopecten yessoensis adductor muscle (PYAM) were investigated at 55°C. The texture of processed PYAM was characterized by textural profile analysis (TPA), and significant increases of cook loss, hardness, and shear force with time during LTLT processing were observed. The degradation of structural proteins was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and fragments with molecular weights of 208 kDa (myosin heavy chain, MHC), 97 kDa (paramyosin) and 35–40 kDa, respectively, were among the main products. Chemical characterization revealed elevated levels of activity in cathepsin L and caspase-3 and oxidation of proteins and lipids. Electron spin resonance spin trapping indicated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the PYAM during LTLT processing. Based on these results, it is proposed that the sequence of events in PYAM during LTLT processing includes ROS→ endogenous enzyme (involving caspase-3 and cathepsin L) activation →protein degradation→quality changes (texture and color). This revelation helps to further our understanding of the LTLT processing of PYAM, which would lead to better quality control for PYAM products

Behaviour and constitutive modelling of ductile damage of Ti-6Al-1.5Cr-2.5Mo-0.5Fe-0.3Si alloy under hot tensile deformation

In this paper, the flow softening and ductile damage of TC6 alloy were investigated using a uniaxial hot tensile test with deformation temperatures of 910 °C∼970 °C and strain rates of 0.01 s−1∼10 s−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on the deformed specimens to reveal the damage mechanism. The results showed that the flow stress rapidly increases to a peak at a tiny strain, followed by a significant decrease due to flow softening and ductile damage. The ductile damage of the studied TC6 alloy can be ascribe to the nucleation, growth and coalescence of microdefects, and the microvoids preferentially nucleate at the interface of the alpha phase and beta matrix due to the inconsistent strain. Then, a set of unified viscoplastic constitutive equations including flow softening and ductile damage mechanisms was developed and determined, and this set of equations was verified by the experimental flow stress, which indicated the reliability of the prediction. Furthermore, the predicted normalized dislocation density and the adiabatic temperature rise increase with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate. The predicted damage components show that the microdefects mainly nucleate in the initial stage, but then primarily grow and link together with continuing deformation

Postmortem biochemical and textural changes in the Patinopecten yessoensis adductor muscle (PYAM) during iced storage

Postmortem characteristics of Patinopecten yessoensis adductor muscle (PYAM) were evaluated by biochemical, chemical and textural changes during iced storage for 14 days. Triphosphate (ATP) and its breakdown products, K-value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), color, texture, protein degradation and cathepsin activities were monitored. K-value increased linearly from 5.9 ± 0.9% at day 0 to 28.1 ± 2.4% at day 2 and 70.2 ± 1.8% at day 12. Spoilage indicator TVB-N (mg/100 g) increased from 10.0 ± 0.6 to 34.6 ± 3.1 at day 12. Textural parameters (e.g., hardness, chewiness, springiness, adhesiveness, and shear force) followed a declining trend over the storage. The WHC decreased from 85.1 ± 3.1% at day 0 to 70.5 ± 1.8% at day 12. SDS-PAGE result indicated that proteolysis occurred in actin and myosin heavy chain (MHC) at day 14. Both cathepsin B and L increased throughout the iced storage, peaking at 1.47-fold and 1.08-fold, respectively, suggesting that cathepsin B and L played important roles in the deterioration of PYAM quality. The overall results indicated that PYAM was suitable to be consumed raw within the first 2 days, and to be processed in no more than 11 days

Antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemic effects of polysaccharidic extract from sea cucumber processing liquor

Background: Sea cucumber is a seafood of high nutritional value. During its processing, sea cucumber processing liquor is routinely produced, which is usually discarded as waste. The chemical composition of this processing liquor is similar to sea cucumbers themselves. Hence, valuable ingredients, such as functional polysaccharides, could be obtained from them. Results: Biologically active polysaccharides from sea cucumber processing liquor were extracted through protease hydrolysis and electroosmosis. The analysis revealed that the polysaccharide extract from sea cucumber processing liquor (PESCPL) is predominantly composed of mannose, in addition to some glucose and fucose. The antioxidant activity of PESCPL was analyzed using in vitro. It was demonstrated that PESCPL could effectively scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion radicals. The effect of PESCPL was investigated in vivo by using mice model fed with high-fat diets with/without PESCPL supplement. It was shown that PESCPL could increase the catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in the serum and decrease serum malonaldehyde content. Furthermore, mice fed with PESCPL diet showed a considerable decrease in the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Conclusions: Our research highlights that PESCPL is a natural antioxidant and could be utilized as a therapeutic supplement for dyslipidemia

Humic acid production from the degradation of Yima coal by Cunninghamella elegans combined with Bacillus sp.

Biodegradation is one of the important ways for the clean and efficient utilization of coal. However, the effectiveness of degradation by the combination of fungi and bacteria has not been well understood. In the present study, the combined degradation of the Yima coal was tested. The coal samples were firstly oxidized with nitric acid, followed by cultured in the media of Cunninghamella elegans and Bacillus sp.. The absorbance of A450, pH and metallic element (Cr, As, Mn, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo) contents of the degradation solution were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry, pH meter and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively. The humic acid was analyzed by element analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the humic acid yields of C. elegans, Bacillus sp. and their mixture were 58.17%, 61.00% and 67.17%, respectively. The pH of the degradation solution of mixed strains was similar to that of the bacteria. The characteristic products of the bacteria degradation were detected in the humic acid samples derived from mixed strains, while the opposite was true for the fungi. It was suggested that the combination of the two strains enhanced the alkaline environment and improved the degradation rate of nitric acid-treated coal. The bacteria played a leading role in the degradation process. Metallic elements (Cr, As, Mn, Pb, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo) were transferred from coal to the degradation solution during the degradation process, and the contents of Cr, As, Pb, Ni, Cu and Mo were fitted with A450, the coefficient of determination (R2) were greater than 0.6. It indicated that the contents of these six metal elements in the degradation solution could represent the degradation rate. Chemically extracted humic acid and biologically extracted humic acid were rich in the active functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, long-chain fatty acids (C16, C18) and four pyrrole derivatives. The biologically extracted humic acid also contained fatty acids (C3, C4, C5, C13, C14, C15), of smaller molecular weight, as well as nitrogen-containing compounds such as two pyrrole derivatives and a furan. The contents of C and H elements in the biologically extracted humic acid were higher than that in the chemically extracted humic acid

The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas belongs to one of the most species-rich but genomically poorly explored phyla, the Mollusca. Here we report the sequencing and assembly of the oyster genome using short reads and a fosmid-pooling strategy, along with transcriptomes of development and stress response and the proteome of the shell. The oyster genome is highly polymorphic and rich in repetitive sequences, with some transposable elements still actively shaping variation. Transcriptome studies reveal an extensive set of genes responding to environmental stress. The expansion of genes coding for heat shock protein 70 and inhibitors of apoptosis is probably central to the oyster's adaptation to sessile life in the highly stressful intertidal zone. Our analyses also show that shell formation in molluscs is more complex than currently understood and involves extensive participation of cells and their exosomes. The oyster genome sequence fills a void in our understanding of the Lophotrochozoa. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

STUDY ON LIGNIN COVERAGE OF MASSON PINE FIBER

In order to obtain the adhesion force of fiber in a paper sheet easily, the relationships between internal bonding strength (IBS) and surface lignin content of masson pine CTMP treated with peracetic acid (PAA) have been investigated with XPS technique, and the surface morphology of fibers was also imaged by AFM. The results showed that the extent of lignin covered on the fiber surface was two times as high as that of whole pulp lignin, and the IBS was inversely proportional to surface lignin. The relationship between IBS and lignin coverage was formulated based on the experimental data. The mutual adhesion forces, cellulose-to-cellulose and lignin-to-lignin, were calculated using these equations, and the results were 28.69 mN/m and 2.487mN/m, respectively