EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF THE TEACHERS OF STUDENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES IN THE GOVERNORATE OF KERAK

The current study aims to know to what level teachers of students with intellectual disabilities have educational efficiency in the governorate of Kerak. To achieve the targets of this study, both researchers used the descriptive curricula, and the study tool was prepared to reveal how much teachers of students with intellectual disabilities have educational efficiency; whereas the tool consisted of (four) main dimensions that include (57) paragraph, both researchers developed it and extracted the necessary evidences of validity and stability, where they are distributed on (82) teachers of students with intellectual disabilities; where expected value, standard deviation and analysis of variance were used. Results of the study indicated that the level of educational efficiency of teachers for all dimensions of the study, was above average, and it was found that there are differences in the experience and qualification variables, but sex and sector did not have any statistical indicating effect

EDUCATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF THE TEACHERS OF STUDENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES IN THE GOVERNORATE OF KERAK

The current study aims to know to what level teachers of students with intellectual disabilities have educational efficiency in the governorate of Kerak. To achieve the targets of this study, both researchers used the descriptive curricula, and the study tool was prepared to reveal how much teachers of students with intellectual disabilities have educational efficiency; whereas the tool consisted of (four) main dimensions that include (57) paragraph, both researchers developed it and extracted the necessary evidences of validity and stability, where they are distributed on (82) teachers of students with intellectual disabilities; where expected value, standard deviation and analysis of variance were used. Results of the study indicated that the level of educational efficiency of teachers for all dimensions of the study, was above average, and it was found that there are differences in the experience and qualification variables, but sex and sector did not have any statistical indicating effect

The effect submitted effort exerted by cross-country players on the hormone’s angiotensin 2 and aldosterone and the level of mineral salts responsible for fluid balance

This study aim was to identify the level of the Angiotensin 2, Aldosterone hormones and some mineral salts (such as Sodium and potassium) among cross country race players before and after the effort. The researcher used the experimental method which is suited with the study nature. The sample contained 6 players of cross-country race team in the Directorate of Education for Al-Koura District, blood samples were drawn from the players before and after the effort that they excerted in the cross-country race players. After processing the data statistically, it was found that the physical exerted effort positively contributed to raising the level of Angiotensin 2 and Aldosterone hormones in the blood, in addition to the percentage of sodium which is affected too, it showed a clear decrease in its level after the effort. On the other hand, the level of potassium in the blood was not affected after the effort. The most important recommendations were that it should be emphasis on eating an appropriate number of mineral salts, including (sodium, potassium) before performing the physical exertion to avoid dehydration, muscle strain, and lack of focus during their physical exertion, and emphasizing the necessity of compensating the lost chemical minerals during the physical exertion, including the physical and physiological importance

Impact of a Sand Filtration Pretreatment Step on High-Loaded Greywater Treatment by an Electrocoagulation Technique

Greywater (GW) treatment by the electrocoagulation (EC) technique alone might not meet the required standards in terms of pollutant removal, specifically when GW contains high loads of pollutants. In this preliminary study, a sand filtration (SF) unit was integrated with the EC technique as a pretreatment step to enhance the EC process for treating high-loaded GW. Three different voltage gradients were investigated (5 V/cm, 10 V/cm, and 15 V/cm) in the EC unit. The results demonstrated that the pretreatment SF step can contribute significantly to reducing pollutant concentrations in the greywater to be treated by EC. In terms of physical impurities, the results showed that the SF pretreatment step reduced the turbidity and the color of the treated GW by 28.4%, and 9.4%, respectively. The COD concentration was reduced by 25.5% by the SF step, which allowed a reduction of EC steady state time in the EC unit from 45 min to 30 min at an applied voltage of 15 V/cm. In addition, a high COD removal rate of 87.8% from high-load greywater was achieved with an energy consumption of only 4.11 kWh/m3 in comparison with 6.21 kWh/m3 without the SF step, which is equivalent to a 34% saving in energy consumption.This research was funded by the Scientific Research and Innovation Support Fund in Jordan; Grant Reference WE/1/19/2015

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p<0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p<0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Integrating of electrocoagulation process with submerged membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment under low voltage gradients

Treating and reusing wastewater has become an essential aspect of water management worldwide. However, the increase in emerging pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are presented in wastewater from various sources like industry, roads, and household waste, makes their removal difficult due to their low concentration, stability, and ability to combine with other organic substances. Therefore, treating a low load of wastewater is an attractive option. The study aimed to address membrane fouling in the submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) used for wastewater treatment. An aluminum electrocoagulation (EC) device was combined with SMBR as a pre-treatment to reduce fouling. The EC-SMBR process was compared with a conventional SMBR without EC, fed with real grey water. To prevent impeding biological growth, low voltage gradients were utilized in the EC deviceThe comparison was conducted over 60 days with constant transmembrane pressure and infinite solid retention time (SRT). In phase I, when the EC device was operated at a low voltage gradient (0.64 V/cm), no significant improvement in the pollutants removal was observed in terms of color, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Nevertheless, during phase II, a voltage gradient of 1.26 V/cm achieved up to 100%, 99.7%, 92%, 94.1%, and 96.5% removals in the EC-SMBR process in comparison with 95.1%, 95.4%, 85%, 91.7% and 74.2% removals in the SMBR process for turbidity, color, COD, ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N), total phosphorus (TP), respectively. SMBR showed better anionic surfactant (AS) removal than EC-SMBR. A voltage gradient of 0.64 V/cm in the EC unit significantly reduced fouling by 23.7%, while 1.26 V/cm showed inconsistent results. Accumulation of Al ions negatively affected membrane performance. Low voltage gradients in EC can control SMBR fouling if Al concentration is controlled. Future research should investigate EC-SMBR with constant membrane flux for large-scale applications, considering energy consumption and operating costs.This work is supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) - Award No. [UK-C0015]

Structural interactions of complex proteins with trehalose: mechanisms for improving the multilevel structure and functional properties of lentil-quinoa protein complexes

This study aimed to explore the impact of novel method in improving the functionality and nutritional value of lentil-quinoa protein complexes. The method involved manipulating protein interactions through pH shifting and the addition of trehalose, ultimately enhancing water solubility, digestibility, and the functionality. Fluorescence, ultraviolet, and Fourier-transform spectroscopic techniques were applied to characterize the structural and molecular properties of the trehalose-conjugated lentil-quinoa protein complexes at various concentrations. After trehalose conjugation, statistically significant alterations (p < 0.05) in the tertiary and secondary protein structures and protein conformation were observed with trehalose-conjugated lentil-quinoa protein complexes at a trehalose concentration of 5% (w/w). The water solubility and digestibility of the latter conjugate-derived lentil and quinoa complex increased from 75.1 to 80% and 75 to 80.3%, respectively. Modifications in surface properties after conjugation involved significant (p < 0.05) changes in surface charge and hydrophobicity. Overall, combining the protein complexes with trehalose enhanced the digestibility and solubility of the protein complexes and improved their physical properties. The study highlights the potential of this approach to develop more sustainable and efficient plant-based protein sources for various food and nutritional applications in the food industry

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

Background: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit