Non-typhoidal salmonellosis: Detection of genes responsible for virulence: A hospital-based study from Manipal, India.

Background: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is one of the four critical worldwide reasons for diarrhoeal infections and causes a noted zoonotic infection termed non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis generally causes self-limited gastroenteritis, whereas in immunocompromised conditions can result in invasive infections. Aim and Objectives: To detect the likely NTS serovars causing non-typhoidal Salmonellosis and their virulence genes. Material and Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional research work carried out at the Enteric Diseases Division, Central Research Lab, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal from January 2016 - June 2018. Stool samples were collected from patients with diarrhoea admitted to the tertiary care centre in Udupi district, India. Stool samples were processed according to the World Health Organisation laboratory protocol. Non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated were subjected to PCR for the detection of virulence genes. Results: Of the 1599 diarrheal samples processed, 55 NTS were isolated with a prevalence of 3.43 %. invA gene was existent in 83.6% of the isolates, spvC gene in 61.8%, stn in 100% sopB in 96.4% and sefA in 5.45%. Conclusion: The presence of virulence genes among NTS increases the complications of non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Routine antimicrobial susceptibility tests for salmonellae should be carried out and then reported to prevent the associated morbidity and mortality

Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention