The Development of Iron and Steel Industry in India's Five Year Plans

Many thousands of years separate us from the historic Iron Age when man first learned how to smelt iron from ore and shape it into tools and weapons. Since then, the number of metals and alloys developed by man for his needs has been greatly extended, but still iron and steel hold the uncha-llenged supremacy as can be seen from the fact that during the first quarter of the present century the quantity of iron and steel produced and used throughout the world was much more than that of any other metal. In the recon-struction and economic development of our country.Whether it relates to greater industrial production or increased development of water and power resources, transport and agriculture or development of cottage industries, it is the iron and steel industry that forms the backbone allot provides scope for maximum employment of ever increasing population

Phase separation and the effect of quenched disorder in Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3Pr_{0.5}Sr_{0.5}MnO_3

The nature of phase separation in $Pr_{0.5}Sr_{0.5}MnO_3$ has been probed by linear as well as nonlinear magnetic susceptibilities and resistivity measurements across the 2nd order paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition ($T_C$) and 1st order ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition ($T_N$). We found that the ferromagnetic (metallic) clusters, which form with the onset of long-range order in the system at $T_C$, continuously decrease their size with the decrease in temperature and coexist with non-ferromagnetic (insulating) clusters. These non-ferromagnetic clusters are identified to be antiferromagnetic. Significantly, it is shown that they do not arise because of the superheating effect of the lower temperature 1st order transition. Thus reveals unique phase coexistence in a manganite around half-doping encompassing two long-range order transitions. Both the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic clusters form at $T_C$ and persist much below $T_N$. Substitution of quenched disorder (Ga) at Mn-site promotes antiferromagnetism at the cost of ferromagnetism without adding any magnetic interaction or introducing any significant lattice distortion. Moreover, increase in disorder decreases the ferromagnetic cluster size and with 7.5% Ga substitution clusters size reduces to the single domain limit. Yet, all the samples show significant short-range ferromagnetic interaction much above $T_C$. Resistivity measurements also reveal the novel phase coexistence identified from the magnetic measurements. It is significant that, increase in disorder up to 7.5% increases the resistivity of the low temperature antiferromagnetic phase by about four orders

Ultrasound Image Filtering and Reconstruction Using DCT/IDCT Filter Structure

In this paper, a new recursive structure based on the convolution model of discrete cosine transform (DCT) for designing of a finite impulse response (FIR) digital filter is proposed. In our derivation, we start with the convolution model of DCT-II to use its Z-transform for the proposed filter structure perspective. Moreover, using the same algorithm, a filter base implementation of the inverse DCT (IDCT) for image reconstruction is developed. The computational time experiments of the proposed DCT/IDCT filter(s) demonstrate that the proposed filters achieve faster elapsed CPU time compared to the direct recursive structures and recursive algorithms for the DCT/IDCT with Arbitrary Length. Experimental results on clinical ultrasound images and comparisons with classical Wiener filter, non-local mean (NLM) filter and total variation (TV) algorithms are used to validate the improvements of the proposed approaches in both noise reduction and reconstruction performance for ultrasound images

Selective substitution in orbital domains of a low doped manganite : an investigation from Griffiths phenomenon and modification of glassy features

An effort is made to study the contrast in magnetic behavior resulting from minimal disorder introduced by substitution of 2.5% Ga or Al in Mn-site of La${_{0.9}}$Sr$_{0.1}$MnO${_3}$. It is considered that Ga or Al selectively creates disorder within the orbital domains or on its walls, causing enhancement of Griffiths phase (GP) singularity for the former and disappearance of it in the later case. It is shown that Ga replaces Mn$^{3+}$ which is considered to be concentrated within the domains, whereas Al replaces Mn$^{4+}$ which is segregated on the hole-rich walls, without causing any significant effect on structure or ferromagnetic transition temperatures. Thus, it is presumed that the effect of disorder created by Ga extend across the bulk of the domain having correlation over similar length-scale resulting in enhancement of GP phenomenon. On the contrary, effect of disorder created by Al remains restricted to the walls resulting in the modification of the dynamics arising from the domain walls and suppresses the GP. Moreover contrasting features are observed in the low temperature region of the compounds; a re-entrant spin glass like behavior is observed in the Ga doped sample, while the observed characteristics for the Al doped sample is ascribed only to modified domain wall dynamics with the absence of any glassy phase. Distinctive features in third order susceptibility measurements reveals that the magnetic ground state of the entire series comprises of orbital domain states. These observations bring out the role of the nature of disorder on GP phenomenon and also reconfirms the character of self-organization in low-doped manganites

Reduced Cardiovascular Reserve in Chronic Kidney Failure: A Matched Cohort Study

Background: Patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF) experience impaired functional cardiovascular reserve with reduced oxygen consumption at peak exercise (Vo2peak). No studies have examined whether this is related to impaired cardiovascular compliance as a consequence of loss of adaptive structural alterations, resulting from chronic uremia or hypertension. Study Design: Prospective matched-cohort study. Setting & Participants: We assessed CKF in parallel with patients with essential hypertension but without cardiovascular disease. Patients with CKF were either scheduled for kidney transplantation or transplant waitlisted. 80 patients with CKF and 80 with essential hypertension matched in age, sex, and body mass index were evaluated. 61 patients with CKF (76.3%) were dialysis dependent. Predictor: CKF versus essential hypertension without cardiovascular disease. Measurements & Outcomes: Vo2peak was measured during maximal exercise testing. 2-dimensional echocardiography and arterial applanation tonometry were performed prior to exercise testing. To evaluate for the difference in Vo2peak between study groups, statistically significant predictors of Vo2peak in multiple regression models were additionally assessed by fitting models comprising the interaction term of patient group with the predictor variable of interest. Results: Vo2peak was significantly lower in patients with CKF than those with essential hypertension (18.8 vs 24.5 mL/min·kg; P < 0.001). Independent predictors of Vo2peak for CKF included left ventricular (LV) filling pressure (E/mean e′; unstandardized regression coefficient: change in Vo2peak [in mL/min·kg] per 1-unit change of variable = −5.1) and pulse wave velocity (−4.0); in essential hypertension, these were LV mass index (0.2), LV end-diastolic volume index (0.4), peak heart rate (0.2), and pulse wave velocity (−8.8). The interaction effect of Vo2peak between patient groups with LV mass index (P < 0.001), LV end-diastolic volume index (P < 0.001), and peak heart rate (P < 0.01) were significantly stronger in the hypertension group, whereby higher values led to greater Vo2peak. Limitations: Skeletal muscle strength was not assessed. Conclusion: This study suggests that maladaptive LV changes, as well as blunted chronotropic response, are important mechanistic factors resulting in reduced cardiovascular reserve in patients with CKF, beyond predominantly vascular changes associated with hypertension

Whole genome sequence analysis of NDM-1, CMY-4, and SHV-12 coproducing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated from a case of fatal burn wound infection

Salmonella species are frequently associated with gastrointestinal infections such as diarrhea. However, extraintestinal Salmonella infections, including burn infections, have been described. Here, we report the first case of a carbapenem-resistant and metallo-β-lactamase (New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (SHV-12), and AmpC β-lactamase (CMY-4) coproducing Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from a fatal case of burn wound infection. The publication highlights the necessity for the rational use of antibiotics (particularly the rational use of last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems) in hospitals and burn units, as well as the need for systematic screening of Salmonella spp. (including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium) for resistance to carbapenem antibiotics

TOM40 Mediates Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by α-Synuclein Accumulation in Parkinson's Disease.

Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) accumulation/aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction play prominent roles in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. We have previously shown that postmortem human dopaminergic neurons from PD brains accumulate high levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. We now addressed the question, whether alterations in a component of the mitochondrial import machinery -TOM40- might contribute to the mitochondrial dysfunction and damage in PD. For this purpose, we studied levels of TOM40, mtDNA deletions, oxidative damage, energy production, and complexes of the respiratory chain in brain homogenates as well as in single neurons, using laser-capture-microdissection in transgenic mice overexpressing human wildtype α-Syn. Additionally, we used lentivirus-mediated stereotactic delivery of a component of this import machinery into mouse brain as a novel therapeutic strategy. We report here that TOM40 is significantly reduced in the brain of PD patients and in α-Syn transgenic mice. TOM40 deficits were associated with increased mtDNA deletions and oxidative DNA damage, and with decreased energy production and altered levels of complex I proteins in α-Syn transgenic mice. Lentiviral-mediated overexpression of Tom40 in α-Syn-transgenic mice brains ameliorated energy deficits as well as oxidative burden. Our results suggest that alterations in the mitochondrial protein transport machinery might contribute to mitochondrial impairment in α-Synucleinopathies

N=6 Membrane Worldvolume Superalgebra

In arXiv:0806.0363 the worldvolume superalgebra of the $\mathcal{N}=8$ Bagger-Lambert theory was calculated. In this paper we derive the general form for the worldvolume superalgebra of the $\mathcal{N}=6$ Bagger-Lambert theory. For a particular choice of three-algebra we derive the superalgebra of the ABJM theory. We interpret the associated central charges in terms of BPS brane configurations. In particular we find the central charge corresponding to the energy bound of the BPS fuzzy-funnel configuration of the ABJM theory. We also derive general expressions for the BPS equations of the $\mathcal{N}=6$ Bagger-Lambert theory.Comment: 24 pages; references adde