Mass Matrices in E6 Unification

We study a supersymmetric E6 grand unified model in which the SU(5) 5^* components are twisted in the third generation 27. Supplementing the adjoint Higgs field to a model analyzed previously, we calculate the mass matrices for the up and down quarks and charged leptons. Although the number of free parameters is less than that of observables, an overall fitting to the observed masses and mixing angles is shown to be possible. Most notably, we find two novel, parameter-independent relations between the lepton 2-3 mixing angle and the quark masses and CKM mixing angles that are in good agreement with the large lepton mixing recently observed.Comment: 33 pages, 5 figures, typos correcte

Solvable Optimal Velocity Models and Asymptotic Trajectory

In the Optimal Velocity Model proposed as a new version of Car Following Model, it has been found that a congested flow is generated spontaneously from a homogeneous flow for a certain range of the traffic density. A well-established congested flow obtained in a numerical simulation shows a remarkable repetitive property such that the velocity of a vehicle evolves exactly in the same way as that of its preceding one except a time delay $T$. This leads to a global pattern formation in time development of vehicles' motion, and gives rise to a closed trajectory on $\Delta x$-$v$ (headway-velocity) plane connecting congested and free flow points. To obtain the closed trajectory analytically, we propose a new approach to the pattern formation, which makes it possible to reduce the coupled car following equations to a single difference-differential equation (Rondo equation). To demonstrate our approach, we employ a class of linear models which are exactly solvable. We also introduce the concept of ``asymptotic trajectory'' to determine $T$ and $v_B$ (the backward velocity of the pattern), the global parameters associated with vehicles' collective motion in a congested flow, in terms of parameters such as the sensitivity $a$, which appeared in the original coupled equations.Comment: 25 pages, 15 eps figures, LaTe

Useful Measurement of Glucose Variability by Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) with the Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor

Diabetes has been a crucial medical and social problem worldwide. For adequate nutritional therapy, there have been discussions concerning Calorie Restriction (CR) and Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD). We have investigated glucose variability of diabetic patients applying CR, LCD, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and applied FreeStyle Libre which is flash glucose monitoring (FGM). The patient is a 40-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who showed BMI 20.7, postprandial blood glucose 257 mg/dL. HbA1c 12.1%, Glycoalbumin 31.6% (11.6-16.4), serum C-peptide 2.0 ng/ml and unremarkable data of liver function, renal, lipids. She was provided the intervention of three stages, which are i) CR with 60% carbohydrate in Day 1-2, ii) LCD meal with 12% carbohydrate in Day 3-5; iii) LCD + Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (Ipragliflozin L-Proline 50mg) in Day 6-12. The glucose profile was measured by FreeStyle Libre Pro (Abbott) for 14 days. The daily profile of blood glucose was abruptly decreased on Day 6. Time percentage of satisfactory blood glucose 70-180 mg/dL (/24h) was 0%, 0%, 2%, 14%, 0%, 54%, 100% in Day 1-7, respectively. These results suppose the acute clinical efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitor, and this report would become a reference for future diabetic practice and research

Evaluating Insulin/Glucose Ratio Using Breakfast of Calorie Restriction Meal for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been a medical and social problem worldwide. For nutritional therapy, Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie restriction (CR) have discussed for long, where authors continued clinical research. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 68 patients with T2DM with 62.1 years on average. Methods included i) standard CR was provided a day with 1400 kcal and 60% of carbohydrate, ii) measurement of daily profile of blood glucose, iii) insulinogenic index (IGI) (0-30 mins) exam for breakfast including 70g of carbohydrate, iv) calculation of IGI by delta and Area Under the Curves(AUC). Results: Basal data revealed that HbA1c 7.9%, fasting glucose 163 mg/dL, average glucose in a day 210 mg/dL, M value 117 in the median. Increment of glucose/IRI was 48.0 mg/dL/8.6 μU/mL, respectively. Delta or AUC ratio of IGI was 0.14[0.08-0.26] and 3.3[2.5-5.2], respectively. There were significant correlations between M value and Delta or AUC ratio, with a higher coefficient in the latter. Discussion and Conclusion: IGI study in Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) would be useful for pancreas function evaluation. AUC ratio method has superiority than Delta ratio with higher correlation coefficient. Current results could be the fundamental data for the related range of research, and further development will be expected

Fate of Vector Dominance in the Effective Field Theory

We reveal the full phase structure of the effective field theory for QCD, based on the hidden local symmetry (HLS) through the one-loop renormalization group equation including quadratic divergences. We then show that vector dominance (VD) is not a sacred discipline of the effective field theory but rather an accidental phenomenon peculiar to three-flavored QCD. In particular, the chiral symmetry restoration in HLS model takes place in a wide phase boundary surface, on which the VD is realized nowhere. This suggests that VD may not be valid for chiral symmetry restoration in hot and/or dense QCD.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. One reference added. Minor modification to shorten the manuscript. This is the version to appear in Physical Review Letter

Proving the Low Energy Theorem of Hidden Local Symmetry

Based on the Ward-Takahashi identity for the BRS symmetry, we prove to all orders of the loop expansion the low energy theorem of hidden local symmetry for the vector mesons (KSRF (I) relation) in the $U(N)_{\rm L}$ $\times$ $U(N)_{\rm R}$ / $U(N)_{\rm V}$ nonlinear chiral Lagrangian.Comment: 12 pages, LaTeX, DPNU-93-01/KUNS-117

Proposal of Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) For Investigating Ability of Insulin Secretion for Small Carbohydrate Load

Authors and collaborators have continued clinical practice and research on diabetes for long, and begun Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) at first in Japan. We have proposed super-, standard-, petite-LCD methods with 12%, 26%, 40% of carbohydrate, and developed medical and social LCD movement by Japanese LCD promotion association (JLCDPA). For research protocol, subjects were 10 healthy young medical staff. Two tests were 75gOGTT and meal tolerance test (MTT) of breakfast of super-LCD with 300kcal and 6g of carbohydrate. Blood glucose and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) were measured at 0 min and 30 min. Results of glucose and IRI in median value (0-30min) showed as follows: i) OGTT; 89.5 mg/dL to 130.5 mg/dL, 5.1 μU/mL to 40.6 μU/mL, ii) MTT; 93.5 mg/dL to 84.5 mg/dL, 4.9μU/mL to 10.6 μU/mL (significant increase, p<0.05). The increments of IRI for GTT (carbo-75g) and MTT (carbo-6g) were analyzed. There was a significant correlation between increments of IRI in GTT and MTT (p<0.05). Blood glucose in MTT tended to decrease from 0 min to 30 min. These results suggested that insulin secretion would be sufficient and relatively excessive for 6g of carbohydrate amount

Hypercharge and baryon minus lepton number in E6

We study assignments of the hypercharge and baryon minus lepton number for particles in the $E_6$ grand unification model. It is shown that there are three assignments of hypercharge and three assignments of baryon minus lepton number which are consistent with the Standard Model. Their explicit expressions and detailed properties are given. In particular, we show that the $U(1)_{B-L}$ symmetry in $E_6$ cannot be orthogonal to the $SU(3)_R$ symmetry. Based on these investigations, we propose an alternative SU(5) grand unification model.Comment: 16 pages, JHEP3.cls, To appear in JHE