Clinical characteristics of Crouzon syndrome

Crouzon syndrome (CS) is an genetic disorder with autosomal dominant inheritance caused by mutation of the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) was described as one of the varieties of craniosynostosis. In this presented case, premature closure of the sutures had caused restricted skull growth and lack of space for the growing brain resulted to shallowed eyes and cranial and ophthalmic deformities and impairment in tooth development. Management of a patient of CS has two components. First is the release of prematurely fused sutures based on evidence of raised intracranial pressure. Surgery is mainly carried out early after 3–6 months. Second is the craniofacial reconstructive surgery including advancement of the maxilla and frontonasal complex; and other surgeries depending upon the deformities. An increased intracranial pressure impairs brain development and can lead to mental retardation. Because of the delayed diagnosis and treatment in this case, visual and hearing loses and decreased mental capacity and mild retardation

Determination of nutritional value and methane production potential of styrax tree (Styrax officinalis L.) leaves

This study aimed to determine the effect of nutritional values of the “styrax tree” (Styrax officinalis L.) on in vitro gas production, organic matter digestibility (OMD), and metabolic energy (ME) content. In this study, styrax leaf samples were collected for analysis in three different periods: May, July and September. According to the analysis results, crude ash (CA), dry matter (DM), crude fat (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) values, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased in September compared to May and July. In September, compared to May, CA has increased by 23 %, DM by 64 %, CM by 30.5 %, ADF by 9.8 %, and NDF by 9.8 %. During the vegetation period, there was an increase in dry matter content in parallel with maturation. The dry matter content of Styrax tree leaves (STL) increased in May (30 %), July (40 %) and September (50 %). Crude protein amounts were found 19 % in May, 17 % in July, and 15 % in September. As the STL grows, decreases in CP, which plays a role in plant growth, and increases in the cell membrane were observed. The CF content in STL changed to 3.2 %, 4.4 %, and 4.3 % in May, July, and September, respectively, with the highest value determined in July and very close to the September value. CA content in styrax tree plants varied by 8.58 % in May, in July by 9.86 %, and in September by 10.56 %. As the amount of dry matter increased according to the periods, the amount of CA also increased. NDF and ADF levels increased in parallel with the vegetation period's development in STL. NDF was found to be 37.5 %, 39.0 %, and 41.5 % according to the periods. ADF amount was found 27 % in May, 28.5 % in July, and 30 % in September. Metabolic energy varied between 8.86 and 10.06 (MJ/kg KM) depending on the periods. When organic matter digestion levels were examined, it was seen that the highest OMD was in July with 58.71 %. Gas production was determined by incubations of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the maximum gas measurement value was in September, July, and May, respectively. As a result of the study, STL can be a good alternative feed source for ruminants when adequate amounts of high-quality feed materials cannot be provided

Optical coherence tomography angiography for glaucoma diagnosis and observation

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative optic neuropathy characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and RGCs axons, resulting in atrophy of the optic nerve. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is the most recent modality in ophthalmic imaging field for diagnosis of different ophthalmic disorders, providing a high-resolution view of the vascular structures in the retina and optic nerve head. OCTA provides three-dimensional (3D) vascular information with the detection of motion contrast from the blood flow and an advanced approach to visualize retinal vasculature without the need of any dye injections that are non-invasive, fast and reproducible. In contrast to fluorescein angiography (FA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), OCTA is a fast, safe, non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic method. Another substantial superiority of the OCTA over FA and ICGA methods is that it provides high-resolution, depth-resolved blood flow data and segments the vascular layers in slabs of varying thickness in a few seconds. In addition, OCTA is a reliable and objective imaging technique with high reproducibility compared to the visual field (VF) testing. OCTA is also faster than VF testing and is less dependent on patient collaboration. Given the current population growth trends and hence the increase in glaucoma prevalence, the analysis of FA and ICGA images or VA testing is more likely to be time-consuming, costly, and prone to adverse effects. Therefore, these challenges can only be solved with the help of potentially promising diagnostic analyzes