Twin RNA Polymerase–associated Proteins Control Virulence Gene Expression in Francisella tularensis

The MglA protein is the only known regulator of virulence gene expression in Francisella tularensis, yet it is unclear how it functions. F. tularensis also contains an MglA-like protein called SspA. Here, we show that MglA and SspA cooperate with one another to control virulence gene expression in F. tularensis. Using a directed proteomic approach, we show that both MglA and SspA associate with RNA polymerase (RNAP) in F. tularensis, and that SspA is required for MglA to associate with RNAP. Furthermore, bacterial two-hybrid and biochemical assays indicate that MglA and SspA interact with one another directly. Finally, through genome-wide expression analyses, we demonstrate that MglA and SspA regulate the same set of genes. Our results suggest that a complex involving both MglA and SspA associates with RNAP to positively control virulence gene expression in F. tularensis. The F. tularensis genome is unusual in that it contains two genes encoding different α subunits of RNAP, and we show here that these two α subunits are incorporated into RNAP. Thus, as well as identifying SspA as a second critical regulator of virulence gene expression in F. tularensis, our findings provide a framework for understanding the mechanistic basis for virulence gene control in a bacterium whose transcription apparatus is unique

A statistical investigation of normal regional intra-subject heterogeneity of brain metabolism and perfusion by F-18 FDG and O-15 H(2)O PET imaging

BACKGROUND: The definite evaluation of the regional cerebral heterogeneity using perfusion and metabolism by a single modality of PET imaging has not been well addressed. Thus a statistical analysis of voxel variables from identical brain regions on metabolic and perfusion PET images was carried out to determine characteristics of the regional heterogeneity of F-18 FDG and O-15 H(2)O cerebral uptake in normal subjects. METHODS: Fourteen normal subjects with normal CT and/or MRI and physical examination including MMSE were scanned by both F-18 FDG and O-15 H(2)O PET within same day with head-holder and facemask. The images were co-registered and each individual voxel counts (Q) were normalized by the gloabl maximal voxel counts (M) as R = Q/M. The voxel counts were also converted to z-score map by z = (Q - mean)/SD. Twelve pairs of ROIs (24 total) were systematically placed on the z-score map at cortical locations 15-degree apart and identically for metabolism and perfusion. Inter- and intra-subject correlation coefficients (r) were computed, both globally and hemispherically, from metabolism and perfusion: between regions for the same tracer and between tracers for the same region. Moments of means and histograms were computed globally along with asymmetric indices as their hemispherical differences. RESULTS: Statistical investigations verified with data showed that, for a given scan, correlation analyses are expectedly alike regardless of variables (Q, R, z) used. The varieties of correlation (r's) of normal subjects, showing symmetry, were mostly around 0.8 and with coefficient of variations near 10%. Analyses of histograms showed non-Gaussian behavior (skew = -0.3 and kurtosis = 0.4) of metabolism on average, in contrast to near Gaussian perfusion. CONCLUSION: The co-registered cerebral metabolism and perfusion z maps demonstrated regional heterogeneity but with attractively low coefficient of variations in the correlation markers

Les Lètes chez les Francs

Balon Joseph. Les Lètes chez les Francs . In: Revue du Nord, tome 46, n°180, Janvier-mars 1964. pp. 72-73

Aequitas und bona fides. Festgabe zum 70. Geburtstag von August Simonius,herausgegeben von der juristischen Fakultät der Universität Basel

Balon J. Aequitas und bona fides. Festgabe zum 70. Geburtstag von August Simonius,herausgegeben von der juristischen Fakultät der Universität Basel. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 36, fasc. 1, 1958. Antiquité — Oudheid. pp. 221-223

La structure du domaine capitulaire de Sainte-Waudru de Mons

Balon Joseph. La structure du domaine capitulaire de Sainte-Waudru de Mons . In: Revue du Nord, tome 40, n°158, Avril-juin 1958. Numéro spécial dédié à la mémoire de Raymond Monier. p. 425

Les Lètes chez les Francs

Balon Joseph. Les Lètes chez les Francs . In: Revue du Nord, tome 46, n°180, Janvier-mars 1964. pp. 72-73

Hubner (Heinz). Der Rechtsverlust im Mobiliarsachenrecht. Ein Beitrag zur Begründung und Begrenzung des sachenrechtlichen Vertrauenschutzes — dargestelt an der Regelung nach §§ 932 ff

Balon J. Hubner (Heinz). Der Rechtsverlust im Mobiliarsachenrecht. Ein Beitrag zur Begründung und Begrenzung des sachenrechtlichen Vertrauenschutzes — dargestelt an der Regelung nach §§ 932 ff. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 35, fasc. 1, 1957. p. 166