Bioinformatics Tools and Genomic Resources Available in Understanding the Structure and Function of <em>Gossypium</em>

Gossypium spp. (Cotton) is the world’s most valuable natural fiber crop. Gossypium species’ variety makes them a good model for studying polyploid evolution and domestication. The past decade has seen a dramatic shift in the field of functional genomics from a theoretical idea to a well-established scientific discipline. Cotton functional genomics has the potential to expand our understanding of fundamental plant biology, allowing us to more effectively use genetic resources to enhance cotton fiber quality and yield, among with using genetic data to enhance germplasm. This chapter provides complete review of the latest techniques and resources for developing elite cotton genotypes and determining structure that have become accessible for developments in cotton functional genomics. Bioinformatics resources, including databases, software solutions and analytical tools, must be functionally understood in order to do this. Aside from GenBank and cotton specific databases like CottonGen, a wide range of tools for accessing and analyzing genetic and genomic information are also addressed. This chapter has addressed many forms of genetic and genomic data now accessible to the cotton community; fundamental bioinformatics sources related to cotton species; and with these techniques cotton researchers and scientists may use information to better understand cotton’s functions and structures

Efficient Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of CRISPR/Cas9 construct using cotyledonary node explants of greengram

An efficient protocol for generating transformed greengram plants by choosing prominent explant which is used to generate transformed plantlets for their survivability and also with high transformation efficiency. However, the crop production is reduced due to factors. In current work, we employed transgenic free approach using CRISPR/Cas9 tool for establishing transformation protocol. The CRISPR/Cas9 is getting momentum widely for developing transgene free crops. In this approach, guide RNA encoding for ~18-23 bp sequence that contains a PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) on either strand of DNA, where CRISPR incepts with a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target genes and initiate excision of a complimentary strands through the Cas9 endonuclease. Explants’ effects on CRISPR/Cas9 construct transformation were studied. For transformation, three distinct explants cotyledonary node (CN- MSB5 +3% sucrose+ 0.5 mg/L BAP for CN), shoot tip (ST- MSB5 + 3% sucrose+ + 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.01 mg/L NAA), and immature cotyledon (IMC-3% sucrose + 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L NAA) were used. The prepared explants were infected with EHA105 strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring a binary vector of pMDC100 containing npt II gene as screenable marker and Cas9. The explants were selected on 50 mg/L kanamycin medium. The transformed plants were confirmed by PCR using npt II and Cas9 specific primers. Cotyledonary node explant was found to be more efficient for CRISPR/Cas9 transformation and also it promisingly showed transgene integration through PCR analysis having more transformation efficiency and can be used for the production of transgenic free greengram crop using CRISPR/Cas9 approach

Characterization of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Composites with Graphite

PMMA Composites have become the most popular materials due to its excellent strength-to-weight ratio, graphite reinforced for engineering applications. Researchers have used a variety of reinforcements to enhance the mechanical and tribological characteristics of various polymer matrixes, including carbon fiber, glass fiber, and carbon-based nanoparticles, graphite, alumina, silica, silicon carbide, titanium oxide, bacterial cellulose, Nano-cellulose, and zirconium oxide.This project focuses on the characteristics of composites made with graphite reinforcements that are based on polymethyl methacrylate. Die casting was used to manufacture this reinforced composite. To enhance the mechanical qualities (impact strength and hardness), tribological parameters (slide distance, normal load, and sliding velocity are employed for wear rate). Therefore, in this study, greater focus has been placed on on PMMA-based composites with graphite reinforcement