Bernard of Morlaix : the Literature of complaint, the Latin tradition and the Twelfth-century “Renaissance”

Bernard of Morlaix was a Cluniac monk who flourished around 1140. What little is known about him, including his visit to Rome, is examined in relation to the affairs of the Cluniac family in his day. A new conjecture is advanced that he was prior of Saint-Denis de Nogent-le-Rotrou. His poems are discussed as examples of the genre of complaint literature. His treatment of the end of the world, and of death, judgement, heaven and hell, is discussed in relation to twelfth-century monasticism. His castigation of the sins of his time includes some of the earliest estates satire. His anticlericalism and his misogyny are compared with those of his contemporaries, and discussed in the context of twelfth-century monastic culture. Bernard’s classical learning is analysed and compared with that of his contemporaries, especially John of Salisbury and Saint Bernard of Clairvaux. His use of metre and rhyme is examined in the context of the development of metre based on stress rather than quantity and of systematic and sustained rhyme in the Latin verse of the twelfth century. Bernard’s use of interpretive and compositional allegory is explored. Bernard is seen as a man of his time, exemplifying a number of twelfth-century characteristics, religious, educational and cultural. Special attention is paid to the Latin literary tradition, and it is suggested that the culture of the twelfth-century was in many respects a culmination rather than a renaissance

The origins of Inter Library Loans in Australia in relation to special libraries

This paper examines the origins of inter-library loans in Australia in relation to special libraries. Prior to the advent of low-cost computing, union lists in special libraries were rare. In the early 1980's a number of serials union lists for health libraries were compiled that formed the basis for wider collaboration in inter-library loans (ILL). Gratis is a network of special libraries that formed on December 6, 1982, with 14 founding members. The immediate impetus to the formation of the group was the trebling of the cost of ILL. A small annual subscription funds a network now comprising over 250 special libraries in heath and allied fields, many of which are too small to participate in the national ILL network. Careful distribution of workload helps to facilitate participation among large and smaller libraries. This co-operative model has subsequently been adopted by law, emergency services, transport and government library networks in Australia and New Zealand. The paper will examine the origins of Inter-Library loans in Australia and the factors that gave rise to the Gratis libraries network, and its progressive adoption throughout Australia and the co-operative factors that distinguish GratisNet from the national ILL service