Analysis of differences of growth and phenology of provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in provenance experiment at Žepče

This paper analyses the growth and phenology of fourteen European provenances of Scots pine at the international experimental plot at Zepce. The experiment with the provenances was developed during the spring of 2012 with two (2+0) year old plants. In total 1400 Scots pine saplings were planted in an experimental random block layout, fourteen provenances in four replications (4 x 25 plants). The experiment was concerned with provenances from ten European countries: Austria (Traisen, Rein, Sistrans), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bugojno), Scotland (Shieldaig), Ukraine (Ivano-Frankivsk), Slovakia (Hanusovce), Romania (Sacueini), Norway (Narvik), Germany (Trippstadt), Poland (Raciane – Nida) and Italy (Ca del Lupo, Fenestrelle, Piani – Valda). The morphological results relate to the differences in survival, height, diameter on the root neck and the ratio of these measurements to the height of the saplings of different provenances of Scots pine. Phenological details relate to the phenology of the buds and complete formation of pine needles. All of the details researched have yielded notably different findings. The results of the research can play a significant role in reforestation as well as the preservation of the genetic wealth of Scots pine. This paper analyses the growth and phenology of fourteen European provenances of Scots pine at the international experimental plot at Zepce. The experiment with the provenances was developed during the spring of 2012 with two (2+0) year old plants. In total 1400 Scots pine saplings were planted in an experimental random block layout, fourteen provenances in four repetitions (4 x 25 plants). The experiment is composed of provenances from ten European countries: Austria (Traisen, Rein, Sistrans), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bugojno), Scotland (Shieldaig), Ukraine (Ivano-Frankivsk), Slovakia (Hanusovce), Romania (Sacueini), Norway (Narvik), Germany (Trippstadt), Poland (Raciane – Nida) and Italy (Ca del Lupo, Fenestrelle, Piani – Valda). The morphological results relate to the differences in survival, height, diameter on the root neck and the ratio of these measurements to the height of the saplings of different provenances of Scots pine. Phenological details relate to the phenology of the buds and complete formation of pine needles. All of the details researched have yielded notably different findings. The results of the research can play a significant role in reforestation as well as the preservation of the genetic wealth of Scots pine.

COMPARISON OF MOLECULAR AND GENETIC PROPERTIES OF PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.) SEED PLANTATIONS IN BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA

U radu je analizirana je genetička struktura dvije sjemenske plantaže običnog bora (Pinus sylvestris L.) sa 40 klonova (Kozji grm) i 20 klonova (Šamin gaj). Za analizu su uporabljeni izoenzimski biljezi, ukupno 9 enzimskih sustava, na ukupno 12 gen lokusa. Ukupno 55 alela, u obje klonske sjemenskim plantaže. U multiklonskoj plantaži \u27\u27Koziji grm\u27\u27 registrirano 45, a u sjemenskoj plantaži \u27\u27Šamin gaj\u27\u27 35 alela različitih alela. Genetička raznolikost procijenjena je srednjim brojem alela po lokusu (A/L). Dobivena je vrijednost od 3,83 za sjemensku plantažu Kozji grm i 2,91 za plantažu Šamin gaj. Srednji broj genotipova po lokusu (G/L) je iznosio 5,16 za sjemensku plantažu Kozji grm i 3,58 za sjemensku plantažu Šamin gaj. Srednja stvarna heterozigotnost klonova u sjemenskoj plantaži Kozji grm iznosi 0,2833, a u sjemenskoj plantaži Šamin gaj srednja heterozigotnost je 0,3166. Srednja teorijska heterozigotnost za plantažu Kozji grm iznosi 0,3366, a za sjemensku plantažu Šamin gaj 0,3491.The paper analyses the genetic structure of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clones in the multiclone seed plantations of Kozji Grm (KG) and Šamin Gaj (ŠG). The clones in both seed plantations originate from natural populations of common pine in Bosnia and Hercegovina; KG (40 clones): Gornji Janj – 10 clones, Klekovača 7, Kaljina Bioštica 16, Romanija Glasinac 6, Igman 1, while the ŠG plantation contains 20 clones from one population (Igman). The genetic structure was analysed using 9 enzyme systems upon altogether 12 gene loci. Altogether 55 different alleles were observed: in KG plantation 45 alleles were seen, while in ŠG plantation there were 35 alleles. To estimate the genetic diversity, the mean number of alleles per locus (A/L) was calculated: it is 3.83 for KG, and 2.91 for ŠG, while the mean number of genotypes per locus (G/L) was 5.16 for KG and 3.58 for ŠG. The results confirm the assumption that the number of possible classes with genotypes is higher than with alleles. The differences are the most conspicuous if the differences are observed in the occurrence of the individual alleles and the allele frequencies. The mean real hetero-zygote property of the clones in KG plantation is 0.2833, while the same value in ŠG is 0.3166. The mean theoretical hetero/zygote property of KG plantation is 0.3366, and of ŠG plantation it is 0.3491. The present differences show a deviation of the real status from the status of genetic balance according to the Hardy/Weinberg law. The results show that the use of the seed produced in the multiclone seed plantation, which originates from the clones from different provenances, may increase the risk of introducing undesired alleles into the natural population. A more acceptable solution would therefore be the seed plantations from the clones of a single population, and the use of their seed for the regeneration of this population

Composite Fermion Pairing in Bilayer Quantum Hall Systems

We derive the effective Hamiltonian for the composite fermion in double-layer quantum Hall systems with inter-layer tunneling at total Landau-level filling factor $\nu=1/m$, where $m$ is an integer. We find that the ground state is the triplet p-wave BCS pairing state of the composite fermions. At $\nu=1/2$, the ground state of the system evolves from the Halperin $(3,3,1)$-state toward the Pfaffian-state with increasing the tunneling amplitude. On the other hand, at $\nu=1$, the pairing state is uniquely determined independent of tunneling amplitude.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figure

Genetic Differentiation of the Western Capercaillie Highlights the Importance of South-Eastern Europe for Understanding the Species Phylogeography

The Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) is a grouse species of open boreal or high altitude forests of Eurasia. It is endangered throughout most mountain range habitat areas in Europe. Two major genetically identifiable lineages of Western Capercaillie have been described to date: the southern lineage at the species' southernmost range of distribution in Europe, and the boreal lineage. We address the question of genetic differentiation of capercaillie populations from the Rhodope and Rila Mountains in Bulgaria, across the Dinaric Mountains to the Slovenian Alps. The two lineages' contact zone and resulting conservation strategies in this so-far understudied area of distribution have not been previously determined. The results of analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of 319 samples from the studied populations show that Alpine populations were composed exclusively of boreal lineage; Dinaric populations of both, but predominantly (96%) of boreal lineage; and Rhodope-Rila populations predominantly (>90%) of southern lineage individuals. The Bulgarian mountains were identified as the core area of the southern lineage, and the Dinaric Mountains as the western contact zone between both lineages in the Balkans. Bulgarian populations appeared genetically distinct from Alpine and Dinaric populations and exhibited characteristics of a long-term stationary population, suggesting that they should be considered as a glacial relict and probably a distinct subspecies. Although all of the studied populations suffered a decline in the past, the significantly lower level of genetic diversity when compared with the neighbouring Alpine and Bulgarian populations suggests that the isolated Dinaric capercaillie is particularly vulnerable to continuing population decline. The results are discussed in the context of conservation of the species in the Balkans, its principal threats and legal protection status. Potential conservation strategies should consider the existence of the two lineages and their vulnerable Dinaric contact zone and support the specificities of the populations