Rings Structures on Ice Lake Baikal

On cosmic picture of the ice surface lake Baikal are discovered dark ring by diameter 7 km-8 km. The author shall give physical interpretation given phenomenon, having expected that shaping rings are connected with surge of the warm natural gas from sedimentary thick mass of the bottom of the Baikal. Convection is formed in thick mass of water in the manner of torah around surge of the natural gas, which carries become warm water before surface (the lower edge ice) in side from pole of the natural gas. The mechanism heatconductivity heat gets to upper edge ice, where snow and ice begin intensive to melt. As a result thawed patch is formed on snowclad ice in the manner of ring

Impedance, What It Is, How It Is Measured, and Why It Is Needed

Impedance is the basic concept and quantity when measuring an electromagnetic field near the earth’s surface. It is shown how the antennas of the IPI device are oriented, and how the coordinate system is set. It is established why the phase difference of the electromagnetic field component is limited to the limits from zero to minus ninety degrees. The introduction of the basic electrophysical characteristics of a continuous medium - dielectric constant and electrical conductivity - is considered. For a homogeneous medium, the dependence of impedance on electrophysical quantities is given. The Riccati equation for impedance is given. Not only the horizontal arrangement of the electrical cable is considered, but also the vertical one. The latter allows you to explore the electrical parameters of the media

Fractal Geometry: Axioms, Fractal Derivative and Its Geometrical Meaning

Physics success is largely determined by using mathematics. Physics often themselves create the necessary mathematical apparatus. This article shows how you can construct a fractal calculus - mathematics of fractal geometry. In modern scientific literature often write from a firm that "there is no strict definition of fractals", to the more moderate that "objects in a certain sense, fractal and similar." We show that fractal geometry is a strict mathematical theory, defined by their axioms. This methodology allows the geometry of axiomatised naturally define fractal integrals and differentials. Consistent application on your input below the axiom gives the opportunity to develop effective methods of measurement of fractal dimension, geometrical interpretation of fractal derivative gain and open dual symmetry

To the Question about the Rings on the Ice of Lake Baikal

More than 20 years in the monitoring of the Earth's surface with spacecraft in the spring on a snow-covered ice of Lake Baikal regularly observe giant rings with diameter of up to 8 km. Most researchers agree that the appearance of rings connected with a different kind of activity of the lake bottom. This may be mud volcanoes, which are not uncommon in Baikal, or methane emissions of bottom sediments in the form of hot jets. Anyway, the determining factor for the appearance of rings are thermal processes. So as ice lies on the water, the thermal conductivity equations must also attract and equations of hydrodynamics. Thus, the study of rings on the lies lies solid basis of the mathematical description. The article gives some figures related to the rings. Briefly describes what led the joint consideration of the equations of fluid dynamics and heat transfer in the study of giant rings on a snow-covered Lake Baikal ice field

To the Question of the Independence of the Surface Electromagnetic Wave Frequency

Earth's the surface is often strongly inductive, consisting of a dielectric layer thickness endpoint, lying on an unlimited conductor basis. Electromagnetic wave, spreading along the surface, it appears captured dielectric layer, spreading it as in the waveguide channel. Waveguide theory it is known that the spread in the waveguide can only electromagnetic waves with a discrete set of frequencies. And experience shows that the captured waveguide channel electromagnetic waves can be any frequency. The article found that this behavior is due to the fact that electromagnetic waves in free space border - dielectric layer damped height in several wavelengths. Thus the thickness of the dielectric layer becomes more effectively, and this leads to a reduction of the minimum frequency of the waveguide. A discrete set of frequencies is blurred so that cover each other. Thus, a discrete set of frequencies becomes solid, and captured waveguide channel electromagnetic waves are independent of frequency

The geometry of large Arctic tundra lakes observed in historical maps and satellite images

The climate of the Arctic is warming rapidly and this is causing major changes to the cycling of carbon and the distribution of permafrost in this region. Tundra lakes are key components of the Arctic climate system because they represent a source of methane to the atmosphere. In this paper, we aim to analyze the geometry of the patterns formed by large (> 0.8 km2) tundra lakes in the Russian High Arctic. We have studied images of tundra lakes in historical maps from the State Hydrological Institute, Russia (date 1977; scale 0.21166 km/pixel) and in Landsat satellite images derived from the Google Earth Engine (G.E.E.; date 2016; scale 0.1503 km/pixel). The G.E.E. is a cloud-based platform for planetary-scale geospatial analysis on over four decades of Landsat data. We developed an image-processing algorithm to segment these maps and images, measure the area and perimeter of each lake, and compute the fractal dimension of the lakes in the images we have studied. Our results indicate that as lake size increases, their fractal dimension bifurcates. For lakes observed in historical maps, this bifurcation occurs among lakes larger than 100 km2 (fractal dimension 1.43 to 1.87). For lakes observed in satellite images this bifurcation occurs among lakes larger than ∼100 km2 (fractal dimension 1.31 to 1.95). Tundra lakes with a fractal dimension close to 2 have a tendency to be self-similar with respect to their area–perimeter relationships. Area–perimeter measurements indicate that lakes with a length scale greater than 70 km2 are power-law distributed. Preliminary analysis of changes in lake size over time in paired lakes (lakes that were visually matched in both the historical map and the satellite imagery) indicate that some lakes in our study region have increased in size over time, whereas others have decreased in size over time. Lake size change during this 39-year time interval can be up to half the size of the lake as recorded in the historical map