18 research outputs found

    Joint Inversion of Coseismic and Early Postseismic Slip to Optimize the Information Content in Geodetic Data: Application to the 2009 M_w 6.3 L'Aquila Earthquake, Central Italy

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    When analyzing the rupture of a large earthquake, geodetic data are often critical. These data are generally characterized by either a good temporal or a good spatial resolution, but rarely both. As a consequence, many studies analyze the coseismic rupture with data that also include one or more days of early postseismic deformation. Here, we invert simultaneously for the coseismic and postseismic slip with the condition that the sum of the two models remains compatible with data covering the two slip episodes. We validate the benefits of this approach with a toy model and an application to the 2009 M_w 6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, using a Bayesian approach and accounting for epistemic uncertainties. For the L'Aquila earthquake, we find that if early postseismic deformation is not an explicitly acknowledged coseismic signal, coseismic slip models may overestimate the peak amplitude while long‐term postseismic models may largely underestimate the total postseismic slip amplitude. This example illustrates how the proposed approach could improve our comprehension of the seismic cycle, fault frictional properties, and the spatial and temporal relationship between seismic rupture, afterslip, and aftershocks

    Caractérisation de la source des séismes par inversion des données sismologiques et géodésiques : mécanismes au foyer, optimisation des modÚles de vitesse, distribution du glissement cosismique

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    Studies of the earthquake source are based on observations of seismic ground motions. They also depend on the quality and the density of measurements. In this present work we will present studies of the determination of focal mechanism of main aftershocks of the Les Saintes (MW 6.4, 2004) earthquake, and the determination of the coseismic slip of the L’Aquila (MW 6.3, 2009), the Miyagi-Oki (MW 7.2, 2005), ant the Sanriku-Oki (MW 7.3, 2011) earthquakes. These studies were based on two inversion methods. Different kinds of data were available (strong motion, broadband teleseismic, GPS and InSAR) depending on the earthquake studied. But the multiplicity of data is not sufficient to well describe rupture process. There are others difficulties as the data modeling of strong motion. Seismic velocity models are used to describe the characteristics of layers crossed by seismic waves. The quality of the modeling is depending on the pertinence of these seismic velocity models. The description of the rupture process is also depending on the non-uniqueness of the best solution given by global inversion methods. We propose two procedures in order to take into account these two classic issues. First, we developed a velocity model exploration procedure to obtain optimized 1D velocity models in order to improve the strong motion modeling of the L’Aquila earthquake. Then we developed a procedure to build an average rupture model from the combined results of several joint inversions, which was applied to the L’Aquila, the Miyagi-Oki, and the Sanriku-Oki earthquake. This thesis presents all these works and answers to the raised issues.La caractĂ©risation de la source d’un sĂ©isme se fait Ă  partir de l’analyse des mesures des dĂ©placements transitoires et statiques du sol, et dĂ©pend de la quantitĂ© et de la qualitĂ© de ces mesures. Nous avons travaillĂ© sur la dĂ©termination des mĂ©canismes au foyer des rĂ©pliques du sĂ©isme de Saintes (MW 6.4, 2004), et sur la dĂ©termination de la distribution spatio-temporelle du glissement cosismique des sĂ©ismes de L’Aquila (Mw 6.3, 2009), et de Miyagi-Oki (Mw 7.2, 2005) et de Sanriku-Oki (Mw 7.3, 2011). Ces travaux se sont basĂ©s sur des mĂ©thodes d’inversions, et diffĂ©rents jeux de donnĂ©es (accĂ©lĂ©romĂ©triques, large-bandes, GPS et InSAR) accessibles ou non selon le sĂ©isme considĂ©rĂ©. La seule diversitĂ© des mesures n’est pas suffisante pour dĂ©crire la rupture. La modĂ©lisation des donnĂ©es se confronte Ă  des difficultĂ©s, comme par exemple la pertinence des modĂšles de vitesses sismiques pour la modĂ©lisation des donnĂ©es accĂ©lĂ©romĂ©triques. Une autre problĂ©matique rĂ©currente est la non-unicitĂ© de la meilleure solution dĂ©terminĂ©e par les mĂ©thodes d’inversions pour dĂ©crire les donnĂ©es. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces deux problĂ©matiques, nous avons d‘une part dĂ©veloppĂ© une procĂ©dure d’exploration de modĂšles de vitesse pour dĂ©terminer les valeurs optimales capables de dĂ©crire au mieux les donnĂ©es accĂ©lĂ©romĂ©triques du sĂ©isme de L’Aquila. D’autre part, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une procĂ©dure de construction d’un modĂšle de source moyen que nous avons appliquĂ© pour la dĂ©termination du glissement cosismique des sĂ©ismes de L’Aquila, de Miyagi-Oki, et de Sanriku-Oki. L’ensemble de ces travaux et les rĂ©ponses aux problĂšmes soulevĂ©s sont prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce travail de thĂšse

    Characterization of the seismic source by inversion of seismological and geodetic data : focal mechanisms, optimization of velocity models, coseismic slip distribution

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    La caractĂ©risation de la source d’un sĂ©isme se fait Ă  partir de l’analyse des mesures des dĂ©placements transitoires et statiques du sol, et dĂ©pend de la quantitĂ© et de la qualitĂ© de ces mesures. Nous avons travaillĂ© sur la dĂ©termination des mĂ©canismes au foyer des rĂ©pliques du sĂ©isme de Saintes (MW 6.4, 2004), et sur la dĂ©termination de la distribution spatio-temporelle du glissement cosismique des sĂ©ismes de L’Aquila (Mw 6.3, 2009), et de Miyagi-Oki (Mw 7.2, 2005) et de Sanriku-Oki (Mw 7.3, 2011). Ces travaux se sont basĂ©s sur des mĂ©thodes d’inversions, et diffĂ©rents jeux de donnĂ©es (accĂ©lĂ©romĂ©triques, large-bandes, GPS et InSAR) accessibles ou non selon le sĂ©isme considĂ©rĂ©. La seule diversitĂ© des mesures n’est pas suffisante pour dĂ©crire la rupture. La modĂ©lisation des donnĂ©es se confronte Ă  des difficultĂ©s, comme par exemple la pertinence des modĂšles de vitesses sismiques pour la modĂ©lisation des donnĂ©es accĂ©lĂ©romĂ©triques. Une autre problĂ©matique rĂ©currente est la non-unicitĂ© de la meilleure solution dĂ©terminĂ©e par les mĂ©thodes d’inversions pour dĂ©crire les donnĂ©es. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces deux problĂ©matiques, nous avons d‘une part dĂ©veloppĂ© une procĂ©dure d’exploration de modĂšles de vitesse pour dĂ©terminer les valeurs optimales capables de dĂ©crire au mieux les donnĂ©es accĂ©lĂ©romĂ©triques du sĂ©isme de L’Aquila. D’autre part, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© une procĂ©dure de construction d’un modĂšle de source moyen que nous avons appliquĂ© pour la dĂ©termination du glissement cosismique des sĂ©ismes de L’Aquila, de Miyagi-Oki, et de Sanriku-Oki. L’ensemble de ces travaux et les rĂ©ponses aux problĂšmes soulevĂ©s sont prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce travail de thĂšse.Studies of the earthquake source are based on observations of seismic ground motions. They also depend on the quality and the density of measurements. In this present work we will present studies of the determination of focal mechanism of main aftershocks of the Les Saintes (MW 6.4, 2004) earthquake, and the determination of the coseismic slip of the L’Aquila (MW 6.3, 2009), the Miyagi-Oki (MW 7.2, 2005), ant the Sanriku-Oki (MW 7.3, 2011) earthquakes. These studies were based on two inversion methods. Different kinds of data were available (strong motion, broadband teleseismic, GPS and InSAR) depending on the earthquake studied. But the multiplicity of data is not sufficient to well describe rupture process. There are others difficulties as the data modeling of strong motion. Seismic velocity models are used to describe the characteristics of layers crossed by seismic waves. The quality of the modeling is depending on the pertinence of these seismic velocity models. The description of the rupture process is also depending on the non-uniqueness of the best solution given by global inversion methods. We propose two procedures in order to take into account these two classic issues. First, we developed a velocity model exploration procedure to obtain optimized 1D velocity models in order to improve the strong motion modeling of the L’Aquila earthquake. Then we developed a procedure to build an average rupture model from the combined results of several joint inversions, which was applied to the L’Aquila, the Miyagi-Oki, and the Sanriku-Oki earthquake. This thesis presents all these works and answers to the raised issues

    Dix annĂ©es d’éducation au risque sismique en HaĂŻti

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    International audienceUne des missions de l’école est de permettre aux Ă©lĂšves de mieux apprĂ©hender les sciences autrefois confinĂ©es dans les laboratoires scientifiques. Depuis une vingtaine d’annĂ©es, un programme de sismologie Ă©ducative a Ă©tĂ© mis sur pied en France mĂ©tropolitaine puis dans les CaraĂŻbes. Le point innovant de ce programme est de permettre Ă  des Ă©lĂšves d’installer un sismomĂštre Ă  vocation Ă©ducative dans leur Ă©cole. Avec le sĂ©isme du 12 janvier 2010 Ă  Port-au-Prince, ce programme Ă©ducatif s’est intensifiĂ© auprĂšs des Ă©coles haĂŻtiennes et notamment au collĂšge Catts Pressoir (http ://sismo.gpetech.net). Une nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration d’élĂšves et d’enseignants s’approprie aujourd’hui cette approche d’éducation au risque sismique au sein d’un mĂȘme projet coopĂ©ratif prĂ©sent dans plusieurs Ă©coles sur le territoire haĂŻtien. Avec une dizaine de stations installĂ©es dans les CaraĂŻbes, la rĂ©alisation du programme a dĂ©passĂ© le simple objectif de mise Ă  disposition de signaux sismiques qu’auraient pu procurer les centres de surveillance. Par une appropriation de la mesure scientifique, l’élĂšve s’implique et rĂ©alise l’apprentissage de notions complexes autour des gĂ©osciences. Le dĂ©veloppement d’outils simples, la mise au point d’expĂ©riences concrĂštes associĂ©es Ă  une dĂ©marche d’investigation permet de construire avec les Ă©lĂšves une culture scientifique de qualitĂ© et une Ă©ducation citoyenne du risque.Yonn nan misyon lekĂČl la se pĂšmĂšt elĂšv yo byen konprann lasyans ki anvan sa, te fĂšmen anndan laboratwa syantifik yo. Depi yon ven ane, yon pwogram sismoloji edikatif te mete kanpe sou tĂš prensipal Lafrans ak nan Karayib la. Pwen inovatĂš nan pwogram sa a se pĂšmĂšt elĂšv yo enstale yon sismomĂšt edikasyonĂšl nan lekĂČl yo. AvĂšk tranbleman tĂš 12 janvye 2010 la nan PĂČtoprens, pwogram edikasyon sa a entansifye nan lekĂČl ayisyen yo, an patikilye nan kolĂšj Catts Pressoir (http://sismo.gpetech.net). Yon nouvo jenerasyon elĂšv ak pwofesĂš ap pran posesyon apwĂČch edikasyon risk sismik sa a nan yon sĂšl pwojĂš koperativ ki anndan plizyĂš lekĂČl an Ayiti.AvĂšk yon dizĂšn estasyon enstale nan Karayib la, realizasyon pwogram sa a depase senp objektif bay siyal sismik nou te kap jwenn nan sant siveyans yo. LĂš elĂšv lan apwo-priye li de mezi syantifik la, li vin patisipe epi aprann konsĂšp konplĂšks alantou jeosyans. Devlopman zouti ki senp, devlopman eksperyans konkrĂš ki asosye ak yon apwĂČch envestigasyon fĂš li posib pou nou bati ak elĂšv yo yon bon kalite kilti syantifik ak yon edikasyon sitwayen sou risk

    Joint Inversion of Coseismic and Early Postseismic Slip to Optimize the Information Content in Geodetic Data: Application to the 2009 M w 6.3 L'Aquila Earthquake, Central Italy

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    International audienceWhen analyzing the rupture of a large earthquake, geodetic data are often critical. These data are generally characterized by either a good temporal or a good spatial resolution, but rarely both. As a consequence, many studies analyze the coseismic rupture with data that also include one or more days of early postseismic deformation. Here, we invert simultaneously for the coseismic and postseismic slip with the condition that the sum of the two models remains compatible with data covering the two slip episodes. We validate the benefits of this approach with a toy model and an application to the 2009 Mw6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, using a Bayesian approach and accounting for epistemic uncertainties. For the L'Aquila earthquake, we find that if early postseismic deformation is not an explicitly acknowledged coseismic signal, coseismic slip models may overestimate the peak amplitude while long‐term postseismic models may largely underestimate the total postseismic slip amplitude. This example illustrates how the proposed approach could improve our comprehension of the seismic cycle, fault frictional properties, and the spatial and temporal relationship between seismic rupture, afterslip, and aftershocks

    La fonction endothéliale mais aussi la fonction des muscles lisses vasculaires sont altérées précocement dans le diabÚte de type 1 : une revue systématique et une méta-analyse

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    International audienceIntroductionCertains travaux, bien que parfois controversĂ©s, suggĂšrent qu'une dysfonction endothĂ©liale pourrait apparaĂźtre prĂ©cocement dans le diabĂšte de type 1 (DT1), avant les signes cliniques des complications vasculaires, en raison du stress oxydant induit par l'hyperglycĂ©mie. Cette derniĂšre pourrait Ă©galement ĂȘtre dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre pour les muscles lisses vasculaires, comme le suggĂšrent des Ă©tudes in vitro. Notre objectif est de savoir si les patients DT1, encore indemnes de complications, prĂ©sentent une dysfonction endothĂ©liale, Ă©ventuellement couplĂ©e Ă  une dysfonction des muscles lisses vasculaires. Nous tenterons de comprendre les facteurs de risque en rĂ©alisant des sous-analyses, des mĂ©ta-rĂ©gressions, et une analyse systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature.MatĂ©riels et MĂ©thodesLes Ă©tudes retenues devaient, chez des patients DT1 indemnes de complications micro et macrovasculaires, comparĂ©s Ă  des tĂ©moins sains, Ă©valuer la fonction endothĂ©liale et/ou des muscles lisses vasculaires au niveau pĂ©riphĂ©rique (artĂšres brachiales ou radiales, capillaires musculaires ou sous-cutanĂ©s) au repos (en rĂ©ponse Ă  des stimuli comme l'occlusion-reperfusion, la chaleur ou des substances pharmacologiques), et/ou en rĂ©ponse Ă  l'exercice aigu.RĂ©sultatsCinquante-cinq articles Ă©tudiant la fonction endothĂ©liale-dĂ©pendante dont 19 Ă©tudes se focalisant Ă©galement sur la fonction des muscles lisses vasculaires ont Ă©tĂ© retenues. L’analyse globale montre l’existence d’une dysfonction endothĂ©liale (d:-0,72 ; IC95%:-0,94 -0,51, IÂČ =88,3%) mais aussi au niveau des muscles lisses vasculaires (d:-0,38 ; IC95%:-0,71 -0,05 ; IÂČ =82,6%). Au niveau de la fonction endothĂ©liale, cette altĂ©ration serait plus marquĂ©e au niveau macrovasculaire vs. microvasculaire (p <0,05). Ce dernier lit serait d’autant plus affectĂ© pour une HbA1c ≄8.1 % (p <0.01). L’exercice (d:-0,62 ; IC95%:-1,18 -0,07) et l’occlusion-reperfusion (d:-0,81; IC95% : -1,05 -0,57) seraient de bons stimuli pour mettre en Ă©vidence cette dysfonction, ce qui ne serait pas le cas des substances pharmacologiques et de la chaleur (NS).Discussion-conclusionCette mĂ©ta-analyse atteste de l’existence d’une dysfonction endothĂ©liale tout comme des muscles lisses vasculaires, chez les patients avec un DT1, pourtant indemnes de complications. La dysfonction endothĂ©liale, apparaĂźt plus marquĂ©e pour les vaisseaux de gros calibres vs. ceux de petits calibres, ce qui semble contradictoire avec l'ordre naturel d'apparition des complications du DT1 : ceci pourrait reflĂ©ter une meilleure sensibilitĂ© des techniques actuelles de mesure macro vs. microvasculaires

    The InSight Blind Test: An Opportunity to Bring a Research Dataset into Teaching Programs

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    International audienceOn November 26, 2019, SEIS, the first broadband seismometer designed for the Martian environment (LognonnĂ© et al., 2019) landed on Mars thanks to NASA’s InSight mission. On April 6, 2019 (sol 128), the InSight Science team detected the first historical “marsquake” (NASA news release). Before it was recorded, the InSight Science team developed the InSight Blind Test (hereafter IBT), which consists of a 12-month period of continuous waveform data combining realistic estimates of martian background seismic noise, 204 tectonic and 35 impact events (Clinton et al., 2017). This project was originally designed to prepare scientists for the arrival of real data from the upcoming InSight mission. This paper presents the work carried out by middle and high school students during this challenge. This project offered schools the opportunity to participate in and strengthen the link between secondary schools and universities. The IBT organizers accepted the approach to enable fourteen schools to take part in this scientific challenge. After a training process, each school analyzed the IBT dataset to contribute to the collaborative School Team catalog. The schools relied on a manual procedure combining analyses in time and frequency domains. At the end, a combined catalog was submitted as one of the IBT entries. The IBT organizers then assessed the catalog submitted by the consortium of schools together with the results from science teams (Van Driel et al., 2019). The schools achieved a total of 15 correct detections over a short time period. While this number may seem modest compared with the 239 synthetic marsquakes included in the IBT waveform data, these correct detections were entirely made during class time. All in all, the students seemed to be fully engaged, and this exercise seemed to increase their scientific inquiry skills in order to fulfill their task as a team

    Early Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes Is Accompanied by an Impairment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function: A Meta-Analysis.

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    Background: A large yet heterogeneous body of literature exists suggesting that endothelial dysfunction appears early in type 1 diabetes, due to hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress. The latter may also affect vascular smooth muscles (VSM) function, a layer albeit less frequently considered in that pathology. This meta-analysis aims at evaluating the extent, and the contributing risk factors, of early endothelial dysfunction, and of the possible concomitant VSM dysfunction, in type 1 diabetes.Methods: PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library databases were screened from their respective inceptions until October 2019. We included studies comparing vasodilatory capacity depending or not on endothelium (i.e., endothelial function or VSM function, respectively) in patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes and healthy controls.Results: Fifty-eight articles studying endothelium-dependent function, among which 21 studies also assessed VSM, were included. Global analyses revealed an impairment of standardized mean difference (SMD) (Cohen's d) of endothelial function: −0.61 (95% CI: −0.79, −0.44) but also of VSM SMD: −0.32 (95% CI: −0.57, −0.07). The type of stimuli used (i.e., exercise, occlusion-reperfusion, pharmacological substances, heat) did not influence the impairment of the vasodilatory capacity. Endothelial dysfunction appeared more pronounced within macrovascular than microvascular beds. The latter was particularly altered in cases of poor glycemic control [HbA1c > 67 mmol/mol (8.3%)].Conclusions: This meta-analysis not only corroborates the presence of an early impairment of endothelial function, even in response to physiological stimuli like exercise, but also highlights a VSM dysfunction in children and adults with type 1 diabetes. Endothelial dysfunction seems to be more pronounced in large than small vessels, fostering the debate on their relative temporal appearance

    VasorĂ©activitĂ© Ă  l’exercice chez des hommes DT1 suite Ă  une prise unique de cacao : quel impact rĂ©el des flavanols?

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    International audienceContexte– Les personnes vivant avec le diabĂšte de type 1 (DT1) prĂ©sentent une dysfonction endothĂ©liale prĂ©coce, marquĂ©e par une diminution de la biodisponibilitĂ© en monoxyde d'azote (NO‱) et repĂ©rable dans des situations de la vie quotidienne telles que l’exercice physique(1). Il apparaĂźt fondamental de trouver et de tester des manipulations non-pharmacologiques pour la prĂ©venir. Parmi les composants bioactifs des aliments, les flavanols du cacao gagnent actuellement l'attention: ils pourraient notamment augmenter la formation du NO‱ ou empĂȘcher son inactivation. MĂ©thodes– Chez douze hommes DT1 indemnes de complications vasculaires, appariĂ©s avec douze hommes non diabĂ©tiques, nous avons explorĂ© l’effet d’une prise aigue (+2h) d’un extrait de fĂšves de cacao, riche en flavanols (900mg) (vs. placebos) sur la rĂ©activitĂ© vasculaire au repos (iontophorĂšse couplĂ©e au laser Speckle, FMD) et au cours de l’exercice (NIRS) ainsi que sur des paramĂštres sanguins relatifs au mĂ©tabolisme du NO‱ et au stress oxydant (Ă©tude randomisĂ©e, contrĂŽlĂ©e, en double aveugle). RĂ©sultats – Les flavanols ne semblent pas avoir d’effet sur les paramĂštres sanguins au repos. Au cours de l’exercice, en comparaison du placebo contenant uniquement de la maltodextrine, le placebo contenant de la thĂ©obromine et de la cafĂ©ine (en quantitĂ©s Ă©gales Ă  celles de la condition ‘flavanols’) ainsi que la condition ‘Flavanols’ semblent amĂ©liorer la vasorĂ©activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale tout en augmentant l’acide urique plasmatique (antioxydant) mais Ă©galement, de façon surprenante, en augmentant l’endocan (marqueur d’une dysfonction endothĂ©liale). L’effet des flavanols ne diffĂ©rait pas entre les participants DT1 et non diabĂ©tiques. Conclusion – Il semblerait que les composĂ©s vasoactifs contenus dans l’extrait riche en flavanols issu du cacao soient la thĂ©obromine et la cafĂ©ine plutĂŽt que les flavanols eux-mĂȘmes. Ceci reste Ă  confirmer avec les rĂ©sultats sur l’exploration vasculaire au repos avant et aprĂšs ingestion des gĂ©lules et sur des paramĂštres sanguins complĂ©mentaires (nitrites
) qui sont en cours d’analyse
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