Hydrogen Production and Delivery Research

In response to DOE's Solicitation for Grant Applications DE-PS36-03GO93007, 'Hydrogen Production and Delivery Research', SRI International (SRI) proposed to conduct work under Technical Topic Area 5, Advanced Electrolysis Systems; Sub-Topic 5B, High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis. We proposed to develop a prototype of a modular industrial system for low-cost generation of H{sub 2} (<$2/kg) by steam electrolysis with anodic depolarization by CO. Water will be decomposed electrochemically into H{sub 2} and O{sub 2} on the cathode side of a high-temperature electrolyzer. Oxygen ions will migrate through an oxygen-ion-conductive solid oxide electrolyte. Gas mixtures on the cathode side (H{sub 2} + H{sub 2}O) and on the anode side (CO + CO{sub 2}) will be reliably separated by the solid electrolyte. Depolarization of the anodic process will decrease the electrolysis voltage, and thus the electricity required for H{sub 2} generation and the cost of produced H{sub 2}. The process is expected to be at least 10 times more energy-efficient than low-temperature electrolysis and will generate H{sub 2} at a cost of approximately$1-$1.5/kg. The operating economics of the system can be made even more attractive by deploying it at locations where waste heat is available; using waste heat would reduce the electricity required for heating the system. Two critical targets must be achieved: an H{sub 2} production cost below$2/kg, and scalable design of the pilot H{sub 2} generation system. The project deliverables would be (1) a pilot electrolysis system for H{sub 2} generation, (2) an economic analysis, (3) a market analysis, and (4) recommendations and technical documentation for field deployment. DOE was able to provide only 200K out of 1.8M (or about 10% of awarded budget), so project was stopped abruptly

Prediction of Materials Damage History From Stress Corrosion Cracking in Boiling Water Reactors

Over the past decade, we have developed deterministic models for predicting materials damage due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC

Nondestructive Characterization of Aged Components

It is known that high energy radiation can have numerous effects on materials. In metals and alloys, the effects include, but may not be limited to, mechanical property changes, physical property changes, compositional changes, phase changes, and dimensional changes. Metals and alloys which undergo high energy self-irradiation are also susceptible to these changes. One of the greatest concerns with irradiation of materials is the phenomenon of void swelling which has been observed in a wide variety of metals and alloys. Irradiation causes the formation of a high concentration point defects and microclusters of vacancies and interstitials. With the assistance of an inert atom such as helium, the vacancy-type defects can coalesce to form a stable bubble. This bubble will continue to grow through the net absorption of more vacancy-type defects and helium atoms, and upon reaching a certain critical size, the bubble will begin to grow at an accelerated rate without the assistance of inert atom absorption. The bubble is then said to be an unstably growing void. Depending on the alloy system and environment, swelling values can reach in excess of 50% !V/Vo where Vo is the initial volume of the material. Along with dimensional changes resulting from the formation of bubbles and voids comes changes in the macroscopically observed speed of sound, moduli, electrical resistivity, yield strength, and other properties. These effects can be detrimental to the designed operation of the aged components. In situations where irradiation has sufficient time to cause degradation to materials used in critical applications such as nuclear reactor core structural materials, it is advisable to regularly survey the material properties. It is common practice to use surveillance specimens, but this is not always possible. When surveillance materials are not available, other means for surveying the material properties must be utilized. Sometimes it is possible to core out a small sample which may be used for material properties measurements. A more appealing solution is to use nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods

Nondestructive Characterization of Aged Components

It is known that high energy radiation can have numerous effects on materials. In metals and alloys, the effects include, but may not be limited to, mechanical property changes, physical property changes, compositional changes, phase changes, and dimensional changes. Metals and alloys which undergo high energy self-irradiation are also susceptible to these changes. One of the greatest concerns with irradiation of materials is the phenomenon of void swelling which has been observed in a wide variety of metals and alloys. Irradiation causes the formation of a high concentration point defects and microclusters of vacancies and interstitials. With the assistance of an inert atom such as helium, the vacancy-type defects can coalesce to form a stable bubble. This bubble will continue to grow through the net absorption of more vacancy-type defects and helium atoms, and upon reaching a certain critical size, the bubble will begin to grow at an accelerated rate without the assistance of inert atom absorption. The bubble is then said to be an unstably growing void. Depending on the alloy system and environment, swelling values can reach in excess of 50% !V/Vo where Vo is the initial volume of the material. Along with dimensional changes resulting from the formation of bubbles and voids comes changes in the macroscopically observed speed of sound, moduli, electrical resistivity, yield strength, and other properties. These effects can be detrimental to the designed operation of the aged components. In situations where irradiation has sufficient time to cause degradation to materials used in critical applications such as nuclear reactor core structural materials, it is advisable to regularly survey the material properties. It is common practice to use surveillance specimens, but this is not always possible. When surveillance materials are not available, other means for surveying the material properties must be utilized. Sometimes it is possible to core out a small sample which may be used for material properties measurements. A more appealing solution is to use nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods

Le populaire non immédiat dans la synthèse culturelle de la Renaissance (Résumé)

Balachov Nicolas. Le populaire non immédiat dans la synthèse culturelle de la Renaissance (Résumé). In: Bulletin de l'Association d'étude sur l'humanisme, la réforme et la renaissance, n°11/2, 1980. La littérature populaire aux XVème et XVIème siècles. Actes du deuxieme colloque de Goutelas, 21-23 septembre 1979, sous la direction de Henri Weber, Claude Longeon et Claude Mont. pp. 150-154

The effect of dielectric coatings on igscc in sensitized type 304 ss in high temperature dilute sodium sulfate solution

Zirconium dioxide(ZrO 2) coatings were applied to sensitized Type 304SS C(T) crack growth rate specimens and to small coupons for corrosion potential measurements via electrophoretic deposition. The interfacial resistance of the coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrochemical corrosion potentials (ECPs) of un-coated and coated samples were measured against an external pressure balanced reference electrode (EPBRE) in dilute Na 2SO 4 (0.0005 m) solution at 288°C, and it was found that the ECP of the coated samples were consistently 200 to 400 mV more negative than that of uncoated samples. A coated C(T) specimen and an identical, uncoated specimen were exposed simultaneously under load in a refreshed autoclave, in order to measure the crack growth rates. The results from the long-term experiments (400 hours) showed that the surface coatings reduced the IGSCC crack growth rate (CGR) by a factor of more than 10. The reduction in crack growth rate and the negative shift in the ECP were found to scale with interfacial resistance as predicted by the Coupled Environment Fracture Model and the Mixed Potential Model, respectively, assuming that the exchange current density for oxygen reduction scales inversely with the interfacial resistance

Принципы клиентоцентричности бизнес-процессов в инновационной стратегии развития жилищно-коммунальной сферы

В статье рассматриваются особенности, принципы и факторы эффективности совершенствования бизнес-процессов, как объекта цифровых преобразований, и раскрывается методологическая модель процессно-ориентированного подхода к основным бизнес-процессам в сфере управления жилищным фондом с реализацией методов инжиниринга и цифровых преобразований. Показано, что жилищно-коммунальное хозяйство (ЖКХ) — это система бизнес-процессов как совокупность взаимосвязанных направлений по реализации услуг и производству работ, направленных на создание среды жизнедеятельности для потребителей. Учитывая, что современная государственная политика нацелена на переход к выстраиванию всех сервисов государства вокруг потребностей людей, а цифровая трансформация активизирует применение более эффективных моделей управления, в статье исследуется задача перехода от принципов клиентоориентированности к клиентоцентричности, что позволяет сформировать целевую фокусировку в деятельности организаций и предприятий на комплекс действий, обеспечивающих повышение удовлетворенности комфортностью и усиление взаимодействия с потребителями. Даны понятия клиентоцентричности и клиентоцентричной стратегии на основе использования процессного подхода с выделением отдельных бизнес-процессов и дальнейшим их совершенствованием на основе сбалансированной системы показателей, управления проектами развития, менеджмента качества. Результат исследования на примере бизнес-процесса управления многоквартирными домами представлен декомпозицией на подпроцессы и функции управления. На выходе научно-обоснованных бизнес-процессов увеличивается качественная ценность услуг (обслуживания) для потребителя, а также равновесная рентабельность себестоимости производства услуг с возможностью формирования добавочного качества жилищно-коммунальных услуг без роста их стоимости за счет снижения роли посредников, совершенствования технологических процессов в производстве ресурсов, создания стоимости актива предприятий или ценности услуг жизнедеятельности для потребителей