Effect of Stenochlaena palustris extract on circulating endothelial cellsMarmota caligata induced fever

Fever is increased  temperature  regulation  of  the  body.  In  the  process  is according  indirect  which  increased  of  free  radicals,  as  anion  superoxide  (•O2) and  will  trigger  oxidative  stress  happened.  Oxidative stress will effect in endothelial damaged. A celluler marker of damage the endothelium is increased number of Circulating  Endothelial  Cells (CEC).  The  aim  of  this  research  is  to valuated the influence of watery plant kalakai extract (Stenochlaena palustris)to number  of  Circulating  Endothelial  Cells  in  Marmota  caligata had  been  fever  and to calculated the average of CEC. The research is true experimental study, with Posttest-Only with Control Group Design, with 2 control group and 5 treatments group  of  each  4  Marmota  caligata. The CEC is   measured  by  Hladovec  method. Data  was  analyzed  by  using  Kruskal-Wallis  test  with confidence  rate  at  95  %. The  analyzed  results  got  p  =  0.001  (p  <  0.05)  means there  be  a  significant different  between  treatment  group.  From the  result, can  be  conclude  that  the present of watery  plant kalakai  extract is decreasing CEC in plasma of Marmota caligatafever induced.Key words: Fever, Circulating Endothelial Cells, Stenochlaena palustri

Cox selectivity and chemical subgroup of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and frequency of spontaneous reporting of hypersensitivity reactions

Background/Introduction: Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been associated with many adverse events, including hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs), such as angioedema and urticaria. However, no studies have investigated whether cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme selectivity and/or chemical subgroups are associated with a difference in HSRs. Objective/Aim: to describe and compare the frequency of HSRs among NSAIDs based on cyclooxygenase selectivity and chemical subgroups. Methods: A case/non-case study was performed using data from the World Health Organization global database of Individual Case Safety Report (ICSR), VigiBase, containing over 13 million ICSRs submitted by the participating member states enrolled under WHO's international drug monitoring program by June 2016. This study was nested among ICSRs where NSAIDs were a suspected drug. Cases were ICSRs mentioning HSRs (urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactoid shock, and anaphylactoid reaction), whereas non-cases were all ICSRs without HSRs. Based on the ratio of inhibitory concentration 80% of COX-1/COX-2, NSAIDs were categorized into coxibs, non-coxib NSAIDs with COX-2 preference, NSAIDs with poor selectivity, and NSAIDs with unknown selectivity. Only ICSRs with complete information on age and sex, and NSAIDs with first market authorization from 1978 onward were included. RORs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to assess the association between NSAIDs and the reporting of HSRs were calculated using logistic regression analysis. Results: We identified 16,289 HSR cases and 160,319 non-cases among ICSRs involving NSAIDs. Non-coxib NSAIDs with COX-2 preference, NSAIDs with poor selectivity, and NSAIDs with unknown selectivity were all associated with an increased reporting of HSRs (age- and sexadjusted ROR 1.70, 95% CI 1.61-1.79, age- and sex-adjusted 2.19, 95% CI 2.11-2.77, and age- and sex-adjusted 1.26, 95% CI: 1.03-1.54, respectively) compared to coxibs. Conclusion: HSRs were more often reported for NSAIDs with poor selectivity, non-coxib NSAID with COX-2 preference, and NSAIDs with unknown selectivity compared to coxibs