The effect of management system on Camels milk yield and calve growth rate in north Kordofan, Sudan

Twenty lactating she-camels and two mature male for mating were selected in north Kordofan state, Sudan. The animals were divided into two groups 10 she-camel of each with one male for mating. Group one managed in a semi intensive system, all animals were herded during night in closed in pen and set free during the midday. Supplementation consists of concentrates (2kg/day) and roughages (5kg/day) were used. The other group served as a control (Under traditional system) all animals managed traditionally but within the site of the experimental work, on this system the animals are brought to grazing areas where they selected the feed by themselves from the available plants and allowing nothing as supplemented feeding. The calves' weights were determined every six months using traditional balances, also daily milk yield were recorded. The study indicated that daily milk production in she-camel reared under semi-intensive system was higher than the camels reared under traditional management. Also the results indicated that the body weight of the calves under semi-intensive system during six, 12 and 18 months of age were the highest than the calves reared in the traditional system, semi-intensive system improved the daily growth rates of the calve. The study showed that there were non-significant differences between male and female on daily gain. (Résumé d'auteur

Effect of improving management system on camel milk production

Twenty four lactating she-Camels of the Sudanese Kabbabish breed and were divided into two equal groups of 12 animals. The first group was managed in a semi intensive system by offering concentrates and roughage, free access to water and veterinary care. The other group was served as a control and managed traditionally within the experimental site. The milk sampling started at 10 days postpartum and continued for 12 successive months in biweekly intervals. The she-camels were hand milked twice a day, approximately 12-hours interval. To control suckling Sorar technique was used. Daily milk yield was determined using graded cylinders. The data were analyzed using SIGMA- STAT. computer software as described by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that the average daily milk yield for the two management systems were 6.85 ± 1.32 lit/day and 3.14 ± 0.66 lit/day for semi-intensive and traditional system, respectively with highly significant (P<0.001) differences. This differences could be attributed to the management system and to the times of lactation from post-partum (P<0.05). The increase in average daily milk yield amounted to 53% under semi-intensive system compared to those under traditional system. The maximum average daily milk yield 8.7 ± 0.94 lit/day and 4.30 ± 0.59 lit/day was recorded in the 3rd month post-partum in semi-intensive and traditional system, respectively. A sharp decrease in daily milk yield in the traditional system after reaching the peak was observed in contrast to the semi-intensive system with a good persistency or stability after reaching to the peak of production. The results indicated that the trend of daily milk yield seemed to increase significantly (P<0.05) from the first day post-partum till reaching the peak in the 3rd month and then declining gradually through the lactation period. The minimum average daily yield was 5.1 ± 0.76 and 2.32 ± 0.39 lit/day in semi-intensive and traditional system, respectively with a range of 3.7 lit/day and 10 lit/day in semi-intensive system and 1.8 lit/day under and 5.2 lit/day for lowest and highest milk production of the groups. (Résumé d'auteur

The effect of management system on camel calves growth rate and daily gain

The effect of Management system on growth rate and daily gain in one humped Sudanese camels calves were investigated, twenty four (24) camel calves (12 males and 12 females) at the first day of birth were selected, from the Sudanese Arabi Kababish bred. Camels' calves with their dams were maintained under semi-intensive and Traditional management system for 18 successive months. Calves in semi-intensive system in addition of their suckling of their respective dams they take supplementation diets (one kg of concentrate/head/day), ad libtium watering, health care and spraying weekly against ticks and external parasite. The live body weight of camel calves were obtained through direct weighing in 6 months interval, through four periods including birthday, 6 month, 12 months and 18 months. The results indicated that there was non-significant difference(P>0.05) in Birth weight of calves raised under semi-intensive and traditional system. In both systems the male (39 ± 0.31kg) is significantly (P<0.05) heaver than the female (36 ± 0.34kg). The body weight of the calves under semi-intensive system during six, 12 and 18 months of age are 123 ± 2.21, 221 ± 2.17 and 326 ± 2.40 kg respectively, and on the other hand the body weight of the camel calves under traditional system during six months, 12 and 18 months are 96 ± 1.59, 159 ± 2.35 and 208 ± 2.50 kg, respectively. The results showed highly significant difference (P<0.01) between systems of management, The over all mean daily gain of camel calves under semi-intensive and traditional system were 535 ± 9.83 gram and 317 ± 5.46 gram, respectively. The average daily body gain from birth to six months, six –12 month and 12 -18 month of age in semi-intensive system were 477 ± 10.94, 542 ± 8.25 and 585 ± 8.37 gram/day, respectively. On the other hand the results showed that the average daily body gain form birth to six months, six –12 moth and 12 –18 months of calves managed under traditional system were 352 ± 10.55, 272 ± 15.98 and 316.71 ± 5.46 gram/day, respectively. We concluded the farming system effect significant on calves' daily gain growth rate, intensification management system will be improved camel meat production, and also the male was heavier than female on birth weight in all management system

Effect of farming system on camels calving interval in western Sudan

Eighteen (18) lactating she-camels and two mature male for mating were used to determine the effect of Management System on camel calving interval, The camels were maintained under semi-intensive (N = 9) and Traditional management system (N = 9) in North Kordofan State, western Sudan. The experimental females in each group kept together with the bull during 18 months. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein since 4-months post-partum and continue 14 successive months at monthly interval. The serum samples were separated and stored at -20°C and were analysed for progesterone concentration using progesterone specific radio immuno assay (RIA) kits. The results indicated that under semi-intensive system 77.8% of females had been pregnant in 5th - 8th month post-partum and the calving interval varying between 17 to 20 months. Under traditional system and during the experimental period 44.5% of females were pregnant in the 11th – 16th month and the calving interval varying between 23 to 28 months. The ratios of pregnant vs non-pregnant during experimental period in semi-intensive and traditional were 88.9% vs 11.1% and 44.5% vs 55.5%, respectively. Beside the behavioural signs progesterone level consider a good indicator for pregnancy in camels. In pregnant females Progesterone concentration increased significantly during early months. The range of Progesterone concentration varied between 1.10 – 5.76 ng/ml and 0.67 – 2.53 ng/ml in semi-intensive and traditional system, respectively. Our results allow quantifying this impact. With a supplemented diet including 2 Kg of concentrates and 5 kg of roughages per day, the fertility rate will be improved of 67%. It would be possible to expect more than two fold young camels in a year by supplemented 5 kg of concentrates. We conclude that under semi-intensive management dietary supplement during post-partum and early lactation period improves reproductive parameters for instance shortened calving interval. (Résumé d'auteur

Camel in Sudan: future prospects

According to FAO statistics, camel population in Sudan ranks the second in the world after Somalia with 4.5 millions heads. This population is quite important while the camel production appears, at least officially, very low. With a meat production of 49,880 tons and a milk production of 120,000 tons, camel production is far away from the potential. Even if these data did not cover the entire reality, it is obvious that camel production in Sudan is insufficiently valorized. Meat from young camels has been reported to be comparable in taste and texture to beef. Inspite of the increase in local camel meat consumption to 63,000 tons in 2009, yet camel meat is common in some parts of the country and milk consumption under gariss form is popular in rural areas where camel is generally reared. Camel diseases are the major constrains of production such as trypanosomiasis and mastitis. The research has to push in that way in order to innovate camel meat and milk sector. The modernization of meat and milk processing could be the motor for the improvement of camel production. Both in terms of research and of development, the identification of the main constraints for the camel sector is the way to propose a fruitful strategy. (Résumé d'auteur

The impact of farming system on sudanese camel calves growth rate

This study aimed to investigated the effect of management system on Sudanese camel calves growth rate, twenty (20) camel calves (10 males and 10 females) at the first day of birth were selected, from the Sudanese Arabi (Kababish) bred. The camels-calves with their dams were maintained under semi-intensive and Traditional management system for 18 successive months. Calves in semi-intensive system in addition of their suckling of their respective dams they take supplementation diets (one kg of concentrate/head/day), ad libtium watering, health care and spraying weekly by Gamatox against ticks and external parasites. The live body weight of camel calves were obtained through direct weighing in 6 months interval, through four periods including birthday, 6 month, 12 months and 18 months. The results indicated that there was non-significant difference (P&gt;0.05) in Birth weight of calves raised under semi-intensive and traditional system. In both systems the male (39 ± 0.31kg) is significantly (P&lt;0.05) heaver than the female (36 ± 0.34kg). The body weight of the calves under semi-intensive system during six, 12 and 18 months of age are 123 ± 2.21, 221 ± 2.17 and 326 ± 2.40 kg respectively, on the other hand the body weight of the camel calves under traditional system during six months, 12 and months are 96 ± 1.59, 159 ± 2.35 and 208 ± 2.50 kg, respectively. The results showed highly significant difference (P&lt;0.01) between systems of management, The over all mean daily gain of camel calves under semi-intensive and traditional system were 535 ± 9.83 gram and 317 ± 5.46 g, respectively. The average daily body gain from birth to six months, six - 12 month and 12 -18 month of age in semi-intensive system were 477 ± 10.94, 542 ± 8.25 and 585 ± 8.37 g, respectively. On the other hand the results showed that the average daily body gain from birth to six months, six - 12 moth and 12 - 18 months of calves managed under traditional system were 352 ± 10.55, 272 ± 15.98 and 316.71 ± 5.46 g, respectively. It would be concluded that the growth rate and daily gain of camel calves were highly significant effected by farming system. (Texte intégral

Statistical analysis of traditional practices of fermented camel milk in North Kordofan State, Suda

The present work was conducted to study the preparation process of fermented camel milk (locally named as gariss) according to camel herders. A questionnaire was designed to collect information including methods for using starter, daily type of starter used, use of spices as well as duration of the fermentation. In addition, supplementary variables which had a potential effect on the quality of gariss were taken in account. The results indicated four types of farms according to gariss preparation process: 1) use of gariss without any added spice (27.59%), 2) addition of spices at least once per month and use of previous day gariss (41.38%), 3) use of gariss and spices with less than 12 h for fermentation (13.79%) and 4) use of a spices for the preparation of the first gariss and fermentation time exceeding 12 h (17.24%). The study indicated three types of farmers according to the quantity of camel milk transformed to gariss: 1) transformation of almost all milk and a preference for bitter or acidic taste (48.28%), 2) expected consistency of the gariss which was a major criterion to judge the quality of gariss (17.24%) and 3) low quantity or variable amount of gariss prepared by a single operator (34.48%). The study concluded that gariss preparation differs according to method adopted by the camel herders and farms. (Résumé d'auteur