Gall Bladder Calculus in reproductive age group females attending the ultrasound clinic at a tertiary care hospital: A comparative Cross-sectional study

Background: Pregnant females are at risk for cholelithiasis' progress, and the obstruction in the bile duct produced by gallstones is responsible for jaundice and abdominal pain. Objective: The objectives of the present study were to see the burden of gall stones, relation with parity, and trimester among reproductive age group females. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 467 females of age between 15 to 45 years. The gall bladder was thoroughly examined by an ultrasound probe of frequency 2-5 MHz in all planes. Results: In most females who had gallstones, single (68.8 percent) gall stone was common as compared to multiple (31.2 percent). More nonpregnant women had gall bladder stones than pregnant women (p-value <0.005). Among the current nonpregnant group, the percentage of presence of gallbladder stones was greater in the female having parity of two or more (27.4 percent) than the females having parity of less than two (8.2 percent) with p-value <0.05. Conclusion: Since Gallstones can further complicate the situation in the form of gallbladder carcinoma, and females with higher parity have more chances of developing gallstones. Therefore, it becomes necessary to know the trimester of gallstone formation and its role in the progression of symptoms

Awareness, Practice and Level of Anxiety using Coronavirus Anxiety Scale among the Indian Population regarding COVID -19 Pandemic

Abstract: The most important aspect of Public Health Emergency Preparedness (PHEP) involves the circulation of trustworthy and accurate information in the public health interest domain. Strict stringency measures such as nationwide lockdown impacted people's mental health. Hence, this study was planned to assess the knowledge, practice, and anxiety among the Indian population about the ongoing pandemic in the initial phase. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted between August 1, 2020, to October 5, 2020. Coronavirus Anxiety Scale was used to determine dysfunctional anxiety. Results: Among 553 participants, 73.6% had overall good knowledge of COVID-19 with mean correct score of 6.9±1.1. Majority of participants (97%) wore mask regularly, and 93% of respondents regularly washed their hands with soap and water. Only 14 participants scored ?9 on CAS, suggesting probable cases of dysfunctional anxiety associated with the COVID-19 crisis. Conclusion: The knowledge and practices of citizens in a nation reflect their preparedness and ability to deal with a pandemic of such proportion. Good knowledge translates to good practices and therefore reduces anxiety among the population. It is deemed necessary that people's knowledge and habits, including the mental impact, be accessed at periodic intervals to track their adaptation to pandemics over time

Impact of health education on knowledge and attitude of self-breast examination among female nursing students

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and a leading cause of death worldwide, including in India. Breast cancer usually shows a slow development rate, and when it is recognized in the early stages, successful treatment results can be achieved. Breast self-examination is a screening option for young women. Health awareness programs on screening and early detection are the cornerstones for reducing the morbidity and mortality resulting from breast cancer. Objective: To assess the impact of health education on knowledge and attitude of self-breast examination among nursing students. Study Design: The present interventional study was conducted between September and October 2019. Setting: This study was done among 79 nursing students of a tertiary care hospital situated in a central district of Uttar Pradesh. Main Outcome Measures: The self-reported pre-designed and structured questionnaire was used. It included three sections: 1. Sociodemographic profile 2. Knowledge regarding self-breast examination (SBE) 3. Attitude regarding self-breast examination (SBE). Knowledge and attitude scores were calculated and divided into the poor, average, and good categories. Results: There were 87.3% of girls had prior knowledge of the self-breast examination, while 12.7% of girls were not aware of the self-breast examination. Post-intervention, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in their knowledge about self-breast examination. Conclusion and Relevance: Planned teaching intervention had a significant impact on the knowledge and attitude of self-breast examination. The knowledge and attitude were poor at the early stages, but it had increased significantly after the health education intervention

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Dietary habits and Physical activity in Undergraduate medical students of district Etawah, Uttar Pradesh

Background: The resurgence of interest in the intricate relationship between nutrition and health reflects the escalating burden of lifestyle diseases on the healthcare system. The imperative for medical students to embody a healthy lifestyle is underscored by their pivotal role as future advocates of health promotion. Aims & Objectives: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding dietary habits and physical activity among undergraduate medical students of district Etawah of Uttar Pradesh. Material and Method: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah and 153 study subjects were recruited using the purposive sampling method. All the first-year undergraduate medical students who had given consent to participate were included in the study. Results: Approximately half of the participants were able to identify healthy foods, with 84.4 percent recognizing the hypertensive risks associated with excessive salt intake. The majority exhibited positive attitudes, such as the importance of daily water consumption (85.7%), awareness that sweet foods/drinks could be detrimental to health (79.8%), and the acknowledgment that fast foods have adverse health effects (70.1%). Conclusion: While a substantial majority of medical students showcased awareness regarding the significance of a healthful diet and regular exercise, the translation of this knowledge into consistent practices warrants attention

On Improving the Performance of Dynamic DCVSL Circuits

This contribution aims at improving the performance of Dynamic Differential Cascode Voltage Switch Logic (Dy-DCVSL) and Enhanced Dynamic Differential Cascode Voltage Switch Logic (EDCVSL) and suggests three architectures for the same. The first architecture uses transmission gates (TG) to reduce the logic tree depth and width, which results in speed improvement. As leakage is a dominant issue in lower technology nodes, the second architecture is proposed by adapting the leakage control technique (LECTOR) in Dy-DCVSL and EDCVSL. The third proposed architecture combines features of both the first and the second architectures. The operation of the proposed architectures has been verified through extensive simulations with different CMOS submicron technology nodes (90 nm, 65 nm, and 45 nm). The delay of the gates based on the first architecture remains almost the same for different functionalities. It is also observed that Dy-DCVSL gates are 1.6 to 1.4 times faster than their conventional counterpart. The gates based on the second architecture show a maximum of 74.3% leakage power reduction. Also, it is observed that the percentage of reduction in leakage power increases with technology scaling. Lastly, the gates based on the third architecture achieve similar leakage power reduction values to the second one but are not able to exhibit the same speed advantage as achieved with the first architecture

Lifestyle Related Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases among Adults of Etawah District

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are also known as chronic diseases, as they tend to be of long duration. Detection, screening, treatment and palliative care, are key components of the response to NCDs. Aim& Objective: To find out the prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases. Settings and Design: It was a community based cross sectional study in urban and rural areas of district Etawah. Methods and Material: Present study was conducted among persons aged between 25-64 years. WHO STEPS approach was used. Statistical analysis used: Qualitative data were expressed in the percentages and tested by chi square test. Results: In the study almost half of the subjects were males. Current tobacco use, alcohol use, insufficient use of fruits and vegetables and physical inactivity were found in 33.9%, 15.9%, 88.8% and 53% of the subjects respectively. Overweight, obesity, increased waist circumference, raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found in 37.1%, 16.1%, 37.7%, 14.6% and 19.3% respectively. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes and hypertension (HTN) were 3.6% and 10.2% respectively. Conclusions: There is considerable prevalence of NCDs in the district. Majority of having insufficient use of fruits and vegetables and physical inactivity. Most of them were overweight and increased waist circumference

δ-Opioid receptor antagonist inhibits immunomodulation by met-enkephalin analogs

The methionine-enkephalin (Met-enkephalin, Tyr-Gly- Gly-Phe-Met) analogs Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Met NHC3H7- iso (1) and Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-MePhe-Gly-NHC3H7-iso (2) have been shown to enhance human T cell proliferation in in vitro treatment. Their immunomodulatory activities were completely blocked by naloxone, an opioid antagonist. Now we demonstrate that a selective δ -opioid receptor antagonist, ICI-174,864, completely blocks enhancement of T cell proliferation by analogs (1) and (2). The T cell-stimulatory effect was only partially inhibited by the μ -receptor-selective antagonist, β -funaltrexamine hydrochloride. The k -opioid receptor antagonist, nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride, showed no effect on T cell-proliferation stimulated by analogs (1) and (2). These observations suggest that analogs (1) and (2) of Met-enkephalin stimulate T cell proliferation predominantly via δ -opioid receptor present on T cells