Architectural dimension of sustainability: Re-establishing the concept of recycling

Building related processes as water pollution, landfill waste, energy use and related emissions of global warming gases, material and land loss, are undisputable proofs of the devastating effects of the construction industry on our environment. Given that only a small percentage of a total building stock is made out of new work, it is not enough to develop strategies and principles for a sustainable design only for the new projects, but for the existing buildings as well. Therefore, it is essential that, through repurposing, we consider what can be done with what we already have if we are to significantly benefit sustainability agenda in the future. This research focuses on the concept of architectural recycling as a method for achieving sustainable architectural design. In the first place, two concepts, two extremes in dealing with existing buildings will be analysed: 1) preservation as radical stasis and 2) destruction as radical change. This analysis will enable the formulation of the concept of architectural recycling as the 'preservation through change', viewed as a sustainable response to rapidly changing conditions. The elaboration of the concept of architectural recycling, as a key method for responding to the sustainability agenda, is the focus of this paper

Energy efficiency criteria in urban planning of social housing

Prоblеm еnеrgеtskоg sirоmаštvа јеdаn је оd klјučnih pоkаzаtеlја smаnjеnjа pristupаčnоsti stаnоvаnjа u uslоvimа klimаtskih prоmеnа i rаstućih cеnа еnеrgiје. U оdrеđivаnju pristupаčnоsti sоciјаlnоg stаnоvаnjа, pоrеd zаkupninе, vаžаn fаktоr prеdstаvlјајu trоškоvi еnеrgiје u dоmаćinstvu kao i troškovi za prеvоz, te је njihоvо smаnjеnjе neophodno u cilju оbezbeđivanja dugоrоčnе оdrživоsti оvоg stambenog sеktоrа. Pоrеd smаnjеnjа еnеrgеtskе pоtrоšnjе, klјučnе dоbrоbiti uvоđеnjа mеrа еnеrgеtskе еfikаsnоsti u sоciјаlnu stаnоgradnju su: smаnjеnjе еmisiја gаsоvа stаklеnе bаštе, dоprinоs sоciјаlnој оdrživоsti, unаprеđеnjе stаmbеnоg kоmfоrа i zdrаvlја, uvеćаnjе vrеdnоsti stаmbеnоg fоndа i prоmоciја inоvаtivnih tеhnоlоgiја. Enеrgеtska еfikаsnоst je neizostavan element aktuelnih stambenih politika i prakse obnove i nove izgradnje socijalnog stanovanja u mnogim razvijenim zemljama, a pо uglеdu nа mеđunаrоdna iskustvа i prеpоrukе njen značaj prеpоznаt је i u Srbiјi. Ipak, pоstојеći tеhnički prоpisi zа plаnirаnjе, prојеktоvаnjе i grаđenje sоciјаlnоg stаnоvаnjа kod nas nеdovoljno razmatraju spеcifičnе smеrnicе u оblаsti еnеrgеtskе оptimizаciје kоје bi bilе upоtrеblјivе prilikоm izrаdе plаnskih rеšеnjа, štо prеdstаvlја znаčајnо оgrаničеnjе zа unаprеđеnjе budućе prаksе. Mere enеrgеtske еfikаsnоsti mоrаju sе sprovoditi intеgrаlnо krоz svе nivое rеаlizаciје prојеktа, а uslоvi zа uštеdu еnеrgiје krоz prојеktоvаnjе i grаđеnjе оstvаruјu sе vеć u fаzi urbаnističkоg plаnirаnjа. Nа оsnоvu prеglеdа rеfеrеntnе nаučnе i stručnе litеrаturе, u оvоm rаdu sе dеfinišu rеlеvаntni prоstоrnо-fizički kritеriјumi еnеrgеtskе еfikаsnоsti u urbаnističkоm plаnirаnju sоciјаlnоg stаnоvаnjа. Imајući u vidu rаskоrаk izmеđu prеpоrukа оdrživоsti u plаnirаnоm rаzvојu sоciјаlnоg stаmbеnоg sеktоrа u Srbiјi i njihоvе prаktičnе primеnе, cilј istrаživаnjа је dа dоprinеsе krеirаnju mеtоdоlоškоg оkvirа zа unаprеđеnjе dоmаćе urbаnističkе i аrhitеktоnskе prаksе u оvој оblаsti.The problem of fuel poverty is one of the key indicators of the decrease in housing affordability under conditions of climate change and rising energy prices. Besides rents, an important factor in determining the affordability of social housing is expenditure on energy in home and transport, and its reduction is necessary in order to ensure a long-term sustainability of this housing sector. In addition to reducing energy consumption, the key benefits of the introduction of energy efficiency measures in social housing include: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promotion of social sustainability, improving living comfort and health of tenants, increasing the value of housing stock and promotion of innovative technologies. Energy efficiency is an essential element of the current housing policies and practice of social housing renewal and new construction in many developed countries, and based on the international experiences and recommendations, its importance has been recognized in Serbia. However, the existing technical requirements for planning, design and construction of social housing in Serbia fail to address specific guidelines for energy optimization which could be used when making planning decisions, and this is a significant constraint on improving future practice. Energy efficiency measures should be integrally implemented on all levels of the realization of the project, and the conditions for saving energy through the design and construction need to be set already in the phase of urban planning. Based on a review of related scientific and professional literature, in this paper the relevant spatial and physical criteria of energy efficiency in urban planning of social housing are defined. Taking into account the gap between the sustainability promotion in the planned future development of the social housing sector in Serbia and its practical application, the aim of the research is to contribute to creating a methodological framework for the improvement of local urban and architectural practice in this area.Posebna izdanja br.78Urednici: Mila Pucar, Marina Nenković-Rizni

Dom komuna - stambeni eksperiment ruskog konstruktivizma analiza metodologije stvaralačkog postupka

Dom-kommuna is original historic concept of collective social housing for whose formation is responsible comprehensive architectural research of Soviet constructivists during the 1920s and 1930s. This housing model did not only emerge as a necessary response to the great housing crisis, but as a 'new social condenser' of the era, which was supposed to contribute to the accelerated social progress of Soviet Union on the basis of Marxist ideology, according to the deep conviction of their authors. Housing commune was created as a specific spatial framework for the abolition of class antagonisms and different life forms of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, for the encouragement of collectivization, women's emancipation and reduction of the impact of nuclear family. In this paper some of the basic elements of the creative research of Russian constructivists, with aim to establish a new housing prototype, are analyzed and abstracted. The interpretation of the creative process through simulation of its main creative phase focuses on the process of socialist transformation of the idea of living based on the vision of 'reconstruction' and the principles of functionalism. This paper is intended to indicate the rationality and the complexity of the architectural considerations of the minimum living space in constructivism, whose results, such as the F-type residential unit, can be considered as universal contribution to residential architecture and a model which deserves contemporary architectural interpretation, despite being initiated by ideological demands.Dom-komuna predstavlja istorijski originalan koncept kolektivnog društvenog stanovanja za čije su formiranje zaslužna iscrpna arhitektonska istraživanja sovjetskih konstruktivista tokom 20-ih i 30-ih godina prošlog veka. Ovaj stambeni model nije nastao samo kao nužni odgovor na veliku stambenu krizu, već i kao novi 'socijalni kondenzator' epohe, koji je, po dubokom uverenju njegovih stvaralaca, trebalo da doprinese ubrzanom društvenom napretku Sovjetskog Saveza na osnovama marksističke ideologije. Stambena komuna kreirana je kao specifični prostorni okvir za ukidanje klasnih suprotnosti i različitih životnih obrazaca buržoazije i proletera, za podsticanje kolektivizacije, emancipaciju žena i smanjenje uticaja nuklearne porodice. U ovom radu analiziraju se i izdvajaju neki od osnovnih elemenata stvaralačkih istraživanja ruskih konstruktivista, usmerenih ka uspostavljanju novog stambenog prototipa. Interpretacija kreativnog procesa kroz simulaciju njegovih osnovnih kreativnih faza fokusira se na postupak socijalističke transformacije ideje stanovanja, zasnovane na viziji 'rekonstrukcije' i funkcionalističkim principima. Ovim istraživanjem želi se ukazati i na racionalnost i složenost arhitektonskih promišljanja minimalnog stambenog prostora u konstruktivizmu, čiji se pojedini rezultati, poput stambene jedinice tipa F, mogu smatrati univerzalnim doprinosom stambenoj arhitekturi i modelom dostojnim savremenih graditeljskih interpretacija, iako su bili inicirani ideološkim zahtevima

Fuel poverty and perception on housing and environmental quality in Belgrade's informal settlement Kaluđerica

Informal development is a specific form of urban sprawl and one of the main challenges for the sustainable development of major cities in Serbia. In this paper we examine this phenomenon with regard to the influence of spatial and urban vulnerabilities of the informal settlements on the housing and environmental deprivation, especially in the context of inhabitants' vulnerability to fuel poverty. The empirical research was carried out on the example of Belgrade's suburban settlement Kaluđerica. The statistical analysis of the results has shown that the observed energy characteristics of housing have no relevant influence on households' financial burden of energy expenditure, but that they considerably influence households' perception on thermal comfort. The relation between a limited access to public services and the lack of amenities in the settlement and noted high household expenditure on transport has proved to be a particularly important indicator. Based on the perception on overall life commodities, a poor quality of the environment has been recognized as a key factor of deprivation related to housing

Zaštićena područja Podunavlja kao potencijal razvoja turizma

Na teritoriji Podunavlja postoje brojne prirodne i antropogene turističke vrednosti koje se međusobno povezuju i dopunjuju. Kao visokovredne i jedinstvene zone izdvajaju se ekološka zona i istorijska zona Dunava. Vrednosti Podunavlja, sa aspekta turističke valorizacije su značajne u pogledu raznovrsnosti motiva, ekološke očuvanosti, vrednosti prirodne i kulturne baštine i u povoljnoj pristupačnosti atraktivnim turističkim zonama. Kao turistički atraktivne zone izdvajaju se zaštićena područja. Stepen njihove izvornosti, očuvanosti i zaštite predstavlja osnovu turističke valorizacije i omogućava razvoj više vrsta domaćeg i inostranog turizma. U tom pogledu, akcenat se stavlja na vrednosti zaštićenih područja, njihov povoljan geografski, turistički i saobraćajni položaj, njihove turističke i ugostiteljske kapacitete. Područje Podunavlja na osnovu izražene koncentracije zaštićenih kulturnih dobara, njihove istorijske i kulturne povezanosti, zajedno sa zaštićenim prirodnim vrednostima predstavlja polazište za očuvanje identiteta koridora vodnog puta i njegovog okruženja.Urednici: Marija Maksin, Nikola Krunić, Marina Nenković-RiznićPosebna izdanja br. 7

Fuel Poverty Challenges in Serbia: Evidence from the Suburban Settlement of Kaluđerica

Nowadays, fuel poverty is a globally recognized social and energy problem which is significantly influenced by low household incomes and high energy prices, as well as the built form elements. Although official data indicate that the average household in Serbia is a fuel poor household, namely that it spends more than 10% of its monthly income on energy services, this issue is not sufficiently addressed in national policies and academic research. This paper indicates the vulnerability to fuel poverty of people living in illegally built suburban areas in Serbia. The results of the survey conducted in the settlement of Kaluđerica on the outskirts of Belgrade show a low level of energy efficiency and high car fuel consumption as key factors affecting the pronounced burden of fuel spending within family budgets. Due to inefficient heating systems and inadequate energy performances of buildings, many households are forced to use risky methods of energy saving that can have harmful effects on their health, and also erode their quality of life

Urbani razvoj i promene u korišćenju prostora priobalja: primer Beograda

Izuzеtаn gеоgrаfski pоlоžај nа ušću dvа mеđunаrоdnа rеčnа kоridоrа - Dunаvа i Sаvе - imао је pоsеbnu ulоgu u rаzvојu Bеоgrаdа tоkоm dugе istоriје. Ipаk, krоz višеdеcеniјski urbаnistički rаzvој prеstоnicе, brојni pоtеnciјаli priоbаlnih zоnа bili su, i оstаli su, nеiskоrišćеni. U rаdu sе аnаlizirајu nоviје iniciјаtivе trаnsfоrmаciје prоstоrа bеоgrаdskоg priоbаlја u kоntеkstu urbаnоg rаzvоја i sаvrеmеnih izаzоvа nеkоntrоlisаnоg „implоzivnоg“ rаstа Bеоgrаdа. Nеkоntrоlisаni urbаni rаst tоkоm nеkоlikо pоslеdnjih dеcеniја 20. vеkа biо је usmеrеn primаrnо kа rurаlnоm zаlеđu, dоk sе u nоviјеm pеriоdu uоčаvа trеnd rаstа unutаr urbаnоg pоdručја. Оbаlе rеkа Dunаvа i Sаvе prеdstаvlјајu znаčајаn dео аtrаktivnоg, а istоvrеmеnо nеdоvоlјnо i nеаdеkvаtnо iskоrišćеnоg, grаdskоg prоstоrа, u оkviru kојеg sе plаnirајu аmbiciоzni prеdlоzi rеkоnstrukciје i vrlо intеnzivnе nоvе izgrаdnjе.Urednici: Marija Maksin, Nikola Krunić, Marina Nenković-RiznićPosebna izdanja br. 7

Variability of Suburban Preference in a Post-socialist Belgrade

The debate over urban sprawl and its impacts is overarching and closely linked to voluntary or induced resettlement of population from the inner city or from other urban or rural settlements to the urban periphery. Residential preference drive of urban sprawl could diverse in post-socialist countries from a typical suburbanization process in the West. According to different age and income structure, people may look for the same amenities in their preferred type of neighborhood, yet the diversity of motives and the ability to fulfill the key aspirations explain a drive towards inner or peripheral city development. In this paper, a suburban case-study neighborhood in Belgrade metropolitan area was analyzed in terms of variability and continuity of residential preferences. Questionnaire survey has been conducted for obtaining the results on motives that drive people to settle in a suburban neighborhood, their satisfaction with life in it, and variability of suburban preference

Green and blue spaces: Integral urban design as a toolkit for climate change adaptation in the case of smaller settlements in Vojvodina Region

The urban environment which we inhabit is not built with the intention of being environmentally sustainable and climate responsible. Rather, it facilitates most of the activities that cause climate change. Suburbanization and urban sprawl have resulted in a stimulation of activities such as car-dependent transportation, pollution and the disturbance of natural ecosystems. Therefore, integrated urban design takes an increasingly important role in the strategies and actions of climate change adaptation in the built environment. Urban form characteristics such as density, mixed use, public transport accessibility, urban patterns and application of sustainable materials are shaped by urban design, which is becoming an important tool for the sustainable development strategies and climate change adaptation actions.This paper deals with the special importance and role of green and blue infrastructure as an integral part of the urban design toolkit for climate change adaptation. Sustainable urban design integrates green and blue spaces into a living environment and utilizes them for cooling, protection against solar radiation, maintaining the water supply and the collection of surface water. The main task of the paper is to identify the ways of using green and blue infrastructure when adapting the different elements of urban form (neighborhood, public space, house and lot) to climate change.As part of the research presented in the paper we used a method of case studies of several smaller settlements in Vojvodina, because of their inherited plan-based urban layout and specific infrastructure related to rural ecosystems which have the potential to be successfully 'remodeled'. The result is presented in the form of an urban design toolkit with guidelines for urban form adaptation in the context of solutions that integrate green and blue infrastructure at three levels: neighborhood, public space, and house and lot

Mogućnosti primene modularnih sistema u projektovanju održivog i klimatski svesnog socijalnog stanovanja

Alignment with the sustainable development paradigm is a major challenge to the contemporary practice of social housing, especially in economically underdeveloped areas, because of the gap between the limited financing conditions and the demanding criteria of sustainable design and construction. Environmental problems such as climate change are creating further pressure on this housing sector. Higher vulnerability of social tenants to the negative effects of changing climate and rising energy prices, besides marginalization and the lack of resources, is being greatly affected by the energy inefficient and non adaptive housing. An important task for directing future practice of social housing is searching for innovative housing solutions, which will meet the complex criteria of sustainable and climate aware architecture, in affordable and efficient way. The authors found that one of the possible answers to these challenges is reaffirmation of modular design and construction, through more creative and more efficient use of their adaptive capacity. The potential role of modularity in creating sustainable and climate aware social housing models is analyzed through the aspects of prefabrication, transformability, flexibility and diversity, and according to the form and the degree of their fulfillment, modular systems are defined as dynamic or static. The authors' view is that the dynamic systems, based on new methods of light prefabricated construction, have a great potential of sustainability and climate adaptability, and that they deserve more attention of professional public, as well as wider and more intensive practical use.Usklađivanje sa paradigmom održivog razvoja predstavlja veliki izazov savremenoj praksi socijalne stanogradnje, a posebno u ekonomski nerazvijenijim sredinama, zbog raskoraka između limitiranih uslova finansiranja i zahtevnih kriterijuma održivog projektovanja i građenja. Problemi životne sredine, kao što su klimatske promene, stvaraju dodatni pritisak ovom stambenom sektoru. Pored marginalizacije i nedostatka resursa, na povećanu osetljivost socijalnih zakupaca na negativne efekte menjanja klime i rastuće cene energije u velikoj meri utiče energetski neefikasno i neadaptibilno stanovanje. Važan zadatak za usmeravanje buduće prakse socijalnog stanovanja je traganje za inovativnim stambenim rešenjima, koja će na dostupan i efikasan način zadovoljiti kompleksne kriterijume održive i klimatski svesne arhitekture. Autori rada nalaze da je jedan od mogućih odgovora na ove izazove reafirmacija modularnih sistema projektovanja i građenja, kroz kreativniju i efikasniju upotrebu njihovog adaptivnog kapaciteta. Potencijalna uloga modularnosti u kreiranju održivih i klimatski svesnih obrazaca socijalnog stanovanja analizira se kroz aspekte prefabrikacije, transformabilnosti, fleksibilnosti i raznovrsnosti, a na osnovu oblika i stepena njihovog zadovoljenja, modularni sistemi definišu se kao dinamični ili statični. Stav autora je da dinamični sistemi, zasnovani na novim metodama lake prefabrikovane gradnje, imaju veliki potencijal održivosti i klimatske adaptibilnosti i da zaslužuju veću pažnju stručne javnosti te širu i intenzivniju praktičnu upotrebu