Nabywanie reakcji emocjonalnych: rekonstrukcja i rewizja eksperymentu z udziałem Małego Alberta

In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner published the results of the study experiment describing how they had conditioned an 11-month-old boy (known as Little Albert) to fear a rat. The experiment is one of the best known and the most frequently cited empirical studies in  the history of psychology. Many studies and theories suggesting the role of learning processes in the development of emotional responses were initiated by the Little Albert experiment.  The article summarizes the procedures and results of the experiment reported by J.B. Watson and R. Rayner. The importance and impact of the results of the experiment on the development of psychological theories and research is discussed. Errors in the discussions of the Little Albert experiment in Polish psychological literature are identifi ed. The results of the latest historical research on the Little Albert experiment are summarized and their consequences are discussed

Development and cross-national investigation of a model explaining participation in WHO-recommended and placebo behaviours to prevent COVID-19 infection

To protect themselves from COVID-19, people follow the recommendations of the authorities, but they also resort to placebos. To stop the virus, it is important to understand the factors underlying both types of preventive behaviour. This study examined whether our model (developed based on the Health Belief Model and the Transactional Model of Stress) can explain participation in WHO-recommended and placebo actions during the pandemic. Model was tested on a sample of 3346 participants from Italy, Japan, Poland, Korea, Sweden, and the US. It was broadly supported: objective risk and cues to action showed both direct and indirect (through perceived threat) associations with preventive behaviours. Moreover, locus of control, decision balance, health anxiety and preventive coping moderated these relationships. Numerous differences were also found between countries. We conclude that beliefs about control over health and perceived benefits of actions are critical to the development of interventions to improve adherence to recommendations

Interaction of natural, historical and cultural factors in shaping the regional identity in Europe

Specific characteristics of the environment in Europe, due to intense fragmentation of its territory, in fusion with a unique mosaic of historical and cultural heritage have created a total peculiar weave a variety of conditions affecting the regional identity. The study of these dependencies can be an interesting experience just now, when we observe a clear revival in rich traditions of the regions in whole Europe. Natural barriers of territorial expansion proved to be mountain ridges and major rivers. The boundaries of the regions based on the ridges, show that in history, natural boarders are generally more durable than the rim designated by the river. Branched Carpathian mountain system, as in the case of the Alps, created natural boundaries regions that are recorded in the ethnic and cultural divisions. Rivers not only divided, but generally more likely to connected territories in more or less compact spatial layouts. Their valleys are often natural axles, teaming up functional regions. Since the dawn of time, they attracted settlements and natural corridors marked links. Thanks rivers form an important cultural infrastructure. With the development of settlements that perpetuated the social bonds in a particular environments, came historical processes, that gradually overlapped the elements of political and administrative structures. In the result, this produced the center of power that emanated in whole cultural zone, covering various areas of activity, gradually contributing to the strengthening of the functional dependencies within a certain area. In this way, followed by the formation of regions, which could be called historical. Europe we know now, provides an exceptionally many examples of regions shaped by historical factors. The ancient Greek city-states develop their own policies and regional traditions. Roman Empire have cemented into the numerous provinces, whose names have entered the traditions of certain regions of Europe. Anglo-Saxon colonization of Britain emerged from the eighth century Kingdoms, such as Northumbria, Kent, Essex, Sussex; their legacy still exist today and nowaday counties kept these historical names. In the individual countries of medieval Europe we see, how gradually later outlines of regional divisions emerged. Germany has become a loose federation of sovereign and hereditary principalities, which deepened the political fragmentation. Italian territorial split into numerous States created the foundations for regional differences in the country. Ages perpetuated traditional territorial division of the Polish lands, which emerged from the medieval district system. Europe has been throughout the history of the place of attrition and interpenetration of different cultures and civilizations in a particular geographical environment. Cultural heritage is clear in its spatial reference. It consists of different values, forming a kind of message generation and shaping the distinctive image of the region and the country. The process of European integration has highlighted the importance of shared values, cultural and civilizational, peoples of Europe. Among the different factors influencing the regional image of Europe is important to emphasize heritage values of many cultures embedded in the rich history of each area. They determine the specific face of distinctive regions thus multicultural heritage. One example is the whole area of historical Silesia, where traditions overlap Polish, Czech and German (including the Habsburg and Prussian) identities. Different nationalities and religion contributed to the legacy of Pomerania, Warmia-Mazuria, Podlasie, Eastern Galicia, Volhynia, Grodno region, Vilnius region (Eastern Lithuania), Bukovina, Transylvania, Istria„ Corsica, Sicily and Crimea. Lusatia, Alsace and Southern Tyrol present dualistic cultural heritage, as well as Kosovo, which gained independence. Burgenland was artificially separated from the historical territory of Hungary. Multiculturalism plays a significant role in tourism

Selected aspects of the selection of bucket and ladder excavators used in opencast mining

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane aspekty doboru koparek wielonaczyniowych w kopalniach odkrywkowych. Opisano podstawowe typy koparek wielonaczyniowych oraz przedstawiono ogólną, logiczną procedurę doboru koparek opracowaną w wyniku dotychczasowych doświadczeń płynących z obecnej eksploatacji maszyn podstawowych.Selected aspects of selection of bucket ladder excavators in open cast mines have been presented in the article. The article describes basic types of bucket and ladder excavators and presents a general, logical procedure for selection of excavators developed as a result of previous experiences with exploitation of basic machinery

Opencast lignite mine Barsingsar in India : topic issues of mining technology, lignite processing and transporting and mine dewatering

W artykule omówiono zagadnienia technologiczne dotyczące metody eksploatacji węgla brunatnego przy użyciu koparek jednonaczyniowych i samochodów. Przedstawiono budowę modelu technologicznego faz rozwoju kopalni dla całego okresu eksploatacji, uwzględniając zmienność parametrów jakościowych węgla w złożu. Przedstawiono również sposób rozdrabniania brył węgla w celu przetransportowania go przenośnikiem taśmowym do elektrowni. Przedstawiono ponadto problematykę gospodarki wodnej w specyficznych warunkach pustynnych rejonu Barsingsar oraz program rekultywacji i zamknięcia kopalni.The article presents based on a truck and shovel mining technology. Building methodology of the technological model considering all exploitation phases of open pit and including lignite quality variables is given. Moreover, the lignite processing with lignite transportation to power plant by belt conveyors system is presented. Dewatering problems relative to specific Barsingsar region climatic conditions together with land reclamation program and mine closure plan are presented in the paper

The results of studies on mining process in example of excavator SchRs 4000.37,5

W artykule przedstawiono prace wykonywane w ramach projektu pt.: "Mechatroniczny system sterowania, diagnostyki i zabezpieczeń w maszynach górnictwa odkrywkowego" mające na celu opracowanie i zastosowanie rozwiązań, umożliwiających wdrożenie zoptymalizowanego procesu urabiania kopalin oraz zbierania nadkładu, a w efekcie zwiększenie wydajności koparek. Przedstawiono, na wybranym przykładzie sposób pozyskiwania danych dla wielowymiarowego zbioru informacji o przebiegu w rzeczywistych warunkach procesu generowania przez koparkę strumienia urobku, a także uzyskiwania materiałów doświadczalnych pozwalających na jakościową i ilościową ocenę przebiegu procesu generowania strumienia urobku przez koparkę pracującą w złożonym procesie technologicznym.Research activities conducted in the framework of the project "Mechatronical systems for technological processes control and enhancement of large machines exploitation safety" within task No 5 "Mechatronical system of wheel excavator steering" aiming at elaboration and application of solutions, which enable implementation of optimized mineral resources processing and overburden removal, resulting in the increase of excavators efficiency, have been presented in the paper. On chosen example, method of data collection for multi-dimensional set of information about the real world process of generating an output stream by the excavator and method obtaining experimental data allowing for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the process of generating an output stream by the excavator working in a complex process have been presented

How People Remember Pain: The Role of Situational and Emotional Factors

Coraz więcej danych dowodzi, że pamięć bólu ulega zniekształceniom. Wyniki niektórych badań wskazują, że zarówno ból przewlekły, ostry, jak i wywoływany eksperymentalnie pamiętany jest jako silniejszy niż był doświadczany. Z drugiej jednak strony kilka badań wykazało, że ból ostry i eksperymentalny może być także pamiętany jako słabszy. Inne dane wskazują na brak różnic między pamiętanym a rzeczywistym bólem przewlekłym, ostrym i eksperymentalnym. Dotychczasowe badania dowodzą, że na pamięć bólu wpływa wiele czynników, w tym średnia siła bólu rzeczywiście odczuwanego, najsilniejszy i ostatni epizod bólu, czas, jaki upłynął od doświadczenia bólu do jego odpamiętania oraz siła bólu odczuwana w momencie przypominania. Do czynników psychologicznych, które mogą być powiązane z pamięcią bólu należą: oczekiwania dotyczące bólu, negatywny afekt, stan i cecha lęku, stres i skłonność do katastrofizowania. Niniejszy artykuł podsumowuje wyniki serii badań przeprowadzonych przez Zespół Badania Bólu z Instytutu Psychologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, które miały na celu odpowiedzieć na pytania, dlaczego rezultaty dotychczasowych badań są tak zróżnicowane, a także określić, jakie czynniki wpływają na pamięć bólu. Do najważniejszych i najbardziej nowatorskich wyników zaliczyć należy stwierdzenie, że na pamięć bólu wpływa znaczenie i wartość afektywna doświadczenia bólu wraz z odkryciem, że nie tylko negatywny, ale także pozytywny afekt mają wpływ na pamięć bólu. Rezultaty te mają ważne implikacje zarówno dla badań klinicznych, jak i dla praktyki klinicznej.   Artykuł został przygotowany w ramach realizacji projektu badawczego nr 2016/23/B/HS6/03890 finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Nauki.There is growing evidence that people may not remember pain accurately. Some studies have shown that recalled chronic, acute, and experimental pain is exaggerated. However, a few studies have demonstrated that recalled acute and experimental pain may be underestimated. Additional data shows that past chronic, acute, and experimental pain may be remembered accurately. Previous studies have found that many factors may influence the memory for pain, including the mean pain intensity that is experienced, the peak and the end of pain, the length of delay between the pain experience and its recall, and current pain during pain recall. Psychological factors that may be related to the memory for pain include pain expectations, negative affect, state and trait anxiety, distress, and pain catastrophizing. This article summarizes the results of a series of studies conducted by the Pain Research Group from the Institute of Psychology of the Jagiellonian University aimed to answer the question why previous findings are so diverse and to identify factors influencing the memory of pain. The most important and novel results of these studies include the finding that memory of pain is influenced by the meaning and affective value of the pain experience together with the finding showing that the memory of pain is influenced not only by negative affect, but also by positive affect. These results may have important implications for both clinical research and clinical practice.   The article is part of a research project no. 2016/23/B/HS6/03890 funded by the National Science Centre, Poland

Methods of decreasing of bucket wheel excavators failures working in soils including unmineable intrusions

W artykule zaprezentowano obecnie prowadzone w „Poltegor-Instytut” Instytut Górnictwa Odkrywkowego prace, których celem jest ograniczenie liczby awarii koparek eksploatowanych w gruntach zawierających wtrącenia nieurabialne. Zostanie to osiągnięte poprzez optymalne dostosowanie wielonaczyniowych koparek już eksploatowanych i nowo budowanych do urabiania nadkładu z przerostami o nadmiernych oporach urabiania oraz wtrąceniami nieurabialnymi, monitorowanie wytężenia ustroju nośnego wielonaczyniowej koparki kołowej i opracowanie metody analizowania sygnałów diagnostycznych dla bieżącej oceny zagrożenia uszkodzeniem ustroju nośnego oraz ciągłej kontroli wytrzymałości zmęczeniowej ustroju.The article presents the work carried out in the Poltegor Institute, which aims to reduce the number of failures of bucket wheel excavators operating in soils including nonmineable intrusions. This will be achieved by adaptation of bucket wheel excavators already in service and newly built to for exploitation in such conditions, monitoring of the load bearing capacity of a bucket wheel excavator, developing a diagnostic signal analysis method for current superstructure damage hazard assessment and continuous endurance monitoring