Penetrating Abdominal Injury by a Large Stone

Penetrating trauma can be commonly caused by sharp objects. We report a case of penetrating injury of abdomen caused by a fairly large sized stone which is used for sharpening the objects or weapons. It pierced through the abdominal wall musculature and caused ileal transection, mesenteric tear and gastric perforation

HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYTICAL METHOD VALIDATION FOR GLUTARALDEHYDE AND BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE IN DISINFECTANTS

Objective: The aim of this study was to produce a selective, accurate, and faster high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical methodfor benzalkonium chloride and glutaraldehyde in disinfectants using ultraviolet (UV)-visible detection.Methods: Glutaraldehyde has no chromophore, so it was first derivatized using 2,4 dinitro phenylhydrazine. Acetonitrile:water (75:25) was used asthe mobile phase for glutaraldehyde and acetonitrile-acetate pH 4 (75:25) for benzalkonium chloride, both at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The optimizedassay was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, selectivity, limit of quantitation (LOQ), and limit of detection (LOD).Results: The method was linear for benzalkonium chloride, with correlation coefficient of 0.9995, LOD of 14.55 ppm, and LOQ of 48.51 ppm. Thecorrelation coefficient for glutaraldehyde was 0.9995, with LOD of 0.49 ppm and LOQ of 1.64 ppm. Accuracy was between 98% and 102%, andprecision was below 2% for both the tests.Conclusion: The HPLC analytical method for benzalkonium chloride and glutaraldehyde in disinfectants using UV-visible detection in this researchwas successful to produce a selective, accurate, and faster method

ANALYSIS OF ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID AND DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID IN MACKEREL FISH OIL (RASTRELLIGER KANAGURTA) USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: This study aimed to obtain the levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in mackerel fish oil by pressing andextraction with solvent methods.Methods: The optimum conditions were determined, and validation methods were performed for a mixture of ALA and DHA to obtain a valid methodfor the determination of the levels of ALA and DHA in mackerel fish oil. Derivatization was performed by the Lepage esterification method usingmethanol:toluene 4:1 (v/v) and an acetyl chloride catalyst. Gas chromatography with the Shimadzu GC-17A with a DB-5 column and flame ionizationdetector was used to analyze samples at a column temperature of 200°C with an increase of 2°C/min up to 230°C (maintained for 20 min). Injectorand detector temperatures of 250°C were used with a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min.Results: The retention time of ALA and DHA was 11.440 min and 22.337 min with a Tf of 0.949 and 1.006, respectively. The validation results fulfilledthe acceptance criteria with r values of 0.99953 and 0.99934, respectively. Total levels of ALA and DHA in mackerel fish oil were 0.39521% by pressingand 0.33014% by extraction with solvents.Conclusion: This method could be used as an alternative method to analyze ALA and DHA level in fish oil

DETERMINATION OF SIBUTRAMINE ADULTERATED IN HERBAL SLIMMING PRODUCTS USING TLC DENSITOMETRIC METHOD

Determination of sibutramine adulterated in herbal slimming product using thin layer chromatography (TLC) densitometric method with TLC silica gel 60 F254 aluminium plate as stationary phase and mixture of toluen-diethylamine (10:0.3) as mobile phase has been developed. The calibration curve in the concentration range of 0.50 to 5.00 µg/spot showed good linier relationship (r2 = 0.9986). The limit of detection and quantitation (LOD and LOQ) were 217.5 ng and 724.9 ng/spot, respectively. The method gave satisfactory specificity, linierity, precision and accuracy validation criteria and was applied for determination of sibutramine in herbal slimming products obtained from several drugstrores in Depok City, West Java, Indonesia. Results of the determination showed that six of seven samples analyzed were detected containing sibutramine HCl with the concentration of 2.45 - 26.24 mg in a single dosage of slimming herbal product

DEVELOPMENT OF A DIRECT METHOD OF ANALYZING TRANEXAMIC ACID LEVELS IN WHITENING CREAM USING REVERSED PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: Whitening cream is a cosmetic that contains ingredients that can alleviate hyperpigmentation. Tranexamic acid (TA) is one of the potentialanti-pigmentation agents that work through inhibiting plasmin. TA is used in cosmetic formulations at a concentration of 2.5% as a whitening andmoisturizing agent. To date, research on TA in both cosmetics and other pharmaceutical products using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) has not been done directly (without derivatization). Therefore, this study aimed to develop a simple and rapid analytical method for TA(without derivatization) in cosmetic cream samples using reverse-phase HPLC and water as a solvent.Methods: Optimization was conducted by evaluating several parameters that affect sample extraction, as well as composition and mobile phasetypes. The optimal method must fulfill suitability and validation requirements. The optimal method should be able to detect and quantify TA in creamsamples without derivatization.Results: The optimal analysis condition used a ultraviolet detector at a wavelength of 210 nm, acetonitrile: double-distilled water: phosphoric acid(64:34:2) as the mobile phase and a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The retention time of the analyte occurred in the 2nd min.Conclusion: The analytical method that met the validation requirements was characterized using parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity,selectivity, limit, of detection, and limit of quantitation. This method is applicable for analyzing TA content in samples with a concentration of 1.02%

VALIDATION METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF HYDROXYPROLINE FROM COLLAGEN UNDENATURED TYPE II COLLAGEN USING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FLUORESCENCE

Objective: This study aimed to validate an high-performance liquid chromatography method for analyzing undenatured Type II collagen preparationsusing a fluorescence detector.Methods: Based on the optimum analysis conditions, the compound was detected at an excitation wavelength of 255 nm and an emission wavelengthof 320 nm. The optimum mobile phase was determined to be acetate (pH 4.2) and acetonitrile (60:40) with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Hydroxyprolineis a compound that does not have chromophore moiety; thus, it has to be derivatized first using 9-fluorenylmetoxycarbonyl-chloride.Results: The developed method was validated with linearity and an equation of y=3,249,704 x+141,945,072, with a value of r=0.9994. The detectedrange of hydroxyproline was 4–15 ppm. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.49, with an limit of quantitation of 1.64.Conclusion: Our results indicated that the average level of hydroxyproline was 98.66%, 99.12%, and 99.85%

ISOLATION, PURIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PORCINE SKIN COLLAGEN: ANALYSIS OF THE GLYCINE, PROLINE, AND HYDROXYPROLINE COMPONENTS USING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Objective: The aim of this study is to produce collagen through the extraction and isolation of porcine skin.Methods: Collagen from porcine skin (Sus scrofa domesticus) was isolated, purified, and characterized. Major amino acid content of collagen (glycine,proline, and hydroxyproline) was determined. Samples were extracted with 0.5 N acetic acid and precipitated with 0.9 M NaCl. Characterization testsincluded those to determine the organoleptic content, pH, Fourier-transform infrared analysis, moisture content, ash content, viscosity, and Masson'strichrome staining on collagen tissue. The collagen was further analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography using C-18® column anda fluorescence detector at 265 nm and 320 nm, acetic buffer (pH 4.2)–acetonitrile (55:45) as mobile phase, and optimum flow rate of 0.8 mL/min.Results: Our findings indicated that the best method for isolating collagen was with 0.1 M NaOH expressed by average contents of glycine, proline, andhydroxyproline in collagen which were 33.663±0.215%, 12.333±0.128%, and 11.303±0.354%, respectively.Conclusion: Porcine collagen has been successfully obtained with this method

ANALYSIS OF DISODIUM 5'-GUANYLATE AND DISODIUM 5'-INOSINATE AS FLAVOR ENHANCER IN FOOD SPICES BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY–DENSITOMETRY

Objective: The objective of this study was to obtain an optimum and valid method of analysis to determine the levels of disodium 5'-guanylate (DSG)and disodium 5'-inosinate (DSI) in six samples of spices.Methods: The optimum method was obtained using silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase and isopropanol:water:25% ammonia at a ratio of 6:3:1(v/v) as the mobile phase. The developed spots were scanned using a densitometer in absorbance mode at 260 nm. The methods were valid basedon the accuracy criteria (DSG, 99.11–99.96%, and DSI, 98.56–101.05%), precision (DSG, 1.09%, and DSI, 0.49%), and linearity (DSG, r=0.9909, andDSI, r=0.9976).Results: The results showed that the levels of DSG in samples A, B, C, D, E, and F were 0.70%, 0.79%, 0.78%, 0.99%, 1.08%, and 1.08% and those ofDSI were 0.66%, 0.74%, 0.71%, 0.66%, 0.54%, and 0.67%, respectively.Conclusion: The optimum conditions of DSG and DSI for thin-layer chromatography-densitometry were obtained with silica gel 60 F254 as thestationary phase, isopropanol:water:25% ammonia (6:3:1) as the mobile phase, and a maximum wavelength of about 260 nm. Validation resultsindicated that the accuracy of the analytical method for DSG was about 99.11–99.96% with a coefficient variation (precision) of 0.70–1.41%, whilethat for DSI was 98.56–101.05% with a coefficient variation of 0.23–0.75%. The correlation coefficients for the analytical method for DSG and DSIwere 0.9909 and 0.9976, respectively. The results determined that the levels of DSG and DSI in samples A, B, C, D, E, and F were 0.70%/0.60%,0.79%/0.74%, 0.78%/0.71%, 0.99%/0.66%; 1.08%/0.54%, and 1.08%/0.67%, respectively

FERMENTATION OF BIOETHANOL FROM THE BIOMASS HYDROLYZATE OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH USING SELECTED YEAST ISOLATES

Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential of yeast-producing bioethanol from few type of grapes and durians.Methods: The isolation of potential yeast was carried out from five different types of fruits, namely, red grape, black grape, durian Medan, durianBangkok, and durian Monthong. Optimum fermentation condition was obtained by comparing shaking and non-shaking, detoxifying the hydrolysate,varying temperature, and concentration of N source in the culture medium.Results: The results of an analysis using gas chromatography showed that the ideal conditions for the fermentation of bioethanol were at a temperaturebelow room temperature (+220°C), without shaking, using the hydrolysate, without detoxification, and with a 1% concentration of ammonium acetateas a source of N. Among the isolates, isolate DM1 obtained from durian Medan showed a strong potential to produce bioethanol but at lower levelsthan Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The concentration of ethanol produced was 0.241%.Conclusion: A yeast isolate with a strong potential to produce bioethanol was discovered as the DM1, which isolated from Medanese durian. Theisolate produced 0.241% bioethanol. However, fermentation optimization efforts using an oil palm empty fruit bunch hydrolysate substrate did notyield higher concentrations

OPTIMIZATION AND VALIDATION OF AN ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR TRANEXAMIC ACID IN WHITENING CREAMS BY RP-HPLC WITH PRECOLUMN DERIVATIZATION

Objective: An efficient and selective analytical method with precolumn derivatization using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC) was developed for the analysis of tranexamic acid in whitening creams.Methods: Derivatization was performed using 1% ninhydrin solution in methanol as a derivation agent to form a colored Ruhemann’s purple product.The analytical conditions included the use of a C18 column as the stationary phase and a methanol: acetate (20 mM) buffer at pH 4 (75:25) as themobile phase, with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and UV–visible detection at a wavelength of 570 nm.Results: The average retention time of the tranexamic acid derivative was 5.413 min. The results of the calibration curves were linear, with acorrelation coefficient (r) of 0.9993 at a concentration ranging from 8 to 48 μg/mL. The recovery was between 99.26% and 101.77%. The limits ofdetection and quantification were 1.87 μg/mL and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: The analytical method developed in this study met the validation requirements and included a simple and efficient derivatization methodapplicable for the selective analysis of tranexamic acid in whitening creams