Management of False Smut Disease of Rice: A Review

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important food crop of the developing world. Among the biotic stresses of false smut is an emerging disease caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. The disease reduces both the quality and quantity of rice. The pathogen produces mycotoxins that are harmful to animals and humans. The disease is severe when favorable environmental conditions like high humidity (more than 80%) and temperature ranging from 25 to 30°C, late sowing and high soil fertility as well as using high amount of nitrogen. It has gained the status of a major disease of rice and causing varying yield loss depending on the weather conditions during the crop-growing period and the genotypes. Therefore, the primary concern of the farmers is the disease management methods, which are effective, simple and practical. Since, there is no single effective management strategy for false smut, we have discussed about the potential management options available depending upon the economic status and adoption capacity of the farmers. In the Plant Pathologists point of view, eco-friendly methods of disease management like cultural, biological and use of resistant variety should be advocated for sustainability of agriculture and human being

Emerging Minor Diseases of Rice in India: Losses and Management Strategies

Rice (Oryza sativa L) being one of the imperative food crops of the word contributes immensely to the food and nutritional security of India. The cultivation of rice is changed over the decades from a simple cultivation practices to the advanced cultivation to increase yield. Increased in rice yields especially after 1960s is mainly due to the introduction of high yielding semi-dwarf varieties which requires more inputs like chemical fertilizers, water and other resources. As a result, India achieved self sufficiency in rice and currently producing more than 115 MT of rice to meet country’s demand. Now India is exporting rice to other nations and earning foreign returns. With the change in rice cultivation practices, problems also aroused side by side. A number of biotic and abiotic stresses emerged as major constraints for rice cultivation in diverse agro-climatic conditions and growing ecologies. Diseases are the major biotic constraints to rice which can reduce the yields by 20–100% based on severity. Major diseases like blast, brown spot, bacterial blight, sheath blight and tungro still causing more damage and new minor diseases like bakanae, false smut, grain discoloration, early seedling blight, narrow brown spot, sheath rot have emerged as major problems. The losses due to these diseases may 1–100% based on the growing conditions, varietal susceptibility etc.., At present no significant source of resistance available for any of the above emerging diseases. But looking into the severity of these diseases, it is very important to address them by following integrated management practices like cultural, mechanical, biological and finally chemical control. But more emphasis has to be given to screen gerrmplasm against these diseases and identify stable source of resistance. Finally utilizing these sources in resistance breeding program by employing molecular breeding tools like marker assisted selection (MAS), marker assisted back cross breeding (MABB), gene pyramiding and transgenic tools. The present chapter discusses the importance of these emerging minor diseases of rice, the losses and possible management measures including resistance breeding

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Not AvailableFalse smut is emerging in many rice-growing regions. The disease is causing economic losses to the farmers. The fungus (Ustilaginoidea virens) produces mycotoxins which are poisonous to animals and human. In order to understand the nature of the disease, rice genotypes were surveyed at different geographical locations covering the paddy fields of Odisha, Jharkhand and Bihar. The disease affected almost all rice genotypes to varying severity. The average disease incidence was 14.43% while the disease severity ranged from 0.45-60.98%. In Odisha, the most susceptible genotype was Pooja followed by Swarna and Gayatri while in Bihar, the most susceptible genotypes were Mahsuri and Moti Gold.The classification of the genotypes based on disease reactions showed seven rice genotypes with moderate resistance while 18 genotypes showed moderately susceptible reactions and four genotypes showed susceptible reactions. Majority of the rice genotypes fall under moderately susceptible reactions. False smut was one of the most important disease of rice encountered in the regions. Due to high susceptibility, Pooja may be used as susceptible check in artificial false smut disease experiments. Therefore, false smut management should be paid attention to protect the rice crop from economic losses.Not Availabl

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Describes about emerging disease, Bakanae in eastern IndiaThe present investigation was carried out to asses the incidence of bakanae disease in Odisha, characterization of the isolates and its management with fungicides. The disease incidence ranging from 1-25.50 percent on different rice varieties was recorded in five districts mainly, Cuttack, Sambalpur, Bargarh, Ganjam and Jajpur. These regions were identified as new hot spots for the disease. The disease was observed to a significant extent in most of the commercially growing varieties with maximum disease incidence on Pooja (19.0 % and 24.5% respectively for two seasons). A significant variation was observed among the isolates with respect to cultural, morphological characters and degree of pathogenicity. All the ten isolates were grouped into highly virulent group. The amplification of tef-1alpha gene generated approx 700 bp bands. In phylogenetic analysis, based on tef-1alpha gene region, overall two major groups were formed. The F.fujikuroi isolates FJ1 (Kisannagar), FJ2 (Khurda), FJ3 (Tangi-Chodwar) and FJ9 ( Chandikole) belonged to same group whereas FJ4 ( Cuttack), FJ5 ( Jajpur), FJ6 ( Kisannagar-2), FJ7 ( Sambalpur), FJ8 ( Bargarh) and FJ10 (Ganjam) are in a separate group with other world isolates. Among the ten systemic fungicides tested, all found effective with 100 percent reduction in mycelial growth. All the three tested Trichoderma spp. were found effective under in vitro with complete inhibition and lyses of the pathogen mycelium. Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50 % WP @1 g/kg of seeds found effective with maximum germination, vigor index and disease reduction.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe aim of this article was to provide the efficient protocol for two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) suitable for the seed proteome of rice. Sample preparation is a crucial step in 2D-PAGE because it directly affects the quality of protein profiles. We investigated the two different methods to extract the proteins viz., direct lysis buffer method and trichloroacetic acid/acetone (TCA/ acetone) method. The effectiveness was evaluated by the protein profing quality, number of protein spots, consistency and distribution of protein spots over the gels. The protein extracted by TCA/ acetone method had the highest number of protein spots and the good resolution of the gels. Two different IEF focusing were tested in which, the protein run at 50000 Volt hours showed the clear protein pattern and more number of proteins than 35000 Volt hours. Compared to the Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) G-250 staining, silver nitrate staining produced the more number of proteins spots. The protocol using TCA/Acetone extraction with 50000 Volt-hour IEF conditions followed by the silver staining resulted in the best extraction efficiency, greater protein separation and less horizontal streaking in 2DE gels. This works could principally provide the useful information and technical support for the rice seed proteomic research.Not Availabl