(3+0)D electromagnetic solitons and de Broglie's ''double solution''

The well known light filaments are obtained in various media whose index of refraction increases before a saturation with the electric field; adding a small perturbation which increases the index with the magnetic field, and neglecting the absorption, a filament curves and closes into a torus. This transformation of a (2+1)D soliton into a (3+0)D soliton shows the existence of those solitons, while a complete study, with a larger magnetic effect, would require numerical computations, the starting point being, possibly, the perturbed, curved filament. The flux of energy in the regular filaments is nearly a ''critical flux'', depending slightly on the external fields, so that the energy of the (3+0)D soliton is quantified, but may be slightly changed by external interactions. The nearly linear part of the soliton, an evanescent wave, is partly transmitted by Young holes, making transmitted and reflected interference patterns, thus index variations which guide the remainder of the soliton, just as de Broglie's pilot waves. The creation of electron positron pairs in the vacuum by purely electromagnetic fields shows a nonlinearity of vacuum at high energies; supposing this nonlinearity convenient, elementary particles may be (3+0)D solitons or light bullets, so that it may be a connection with the superstrings theory.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figur

The quasars are neutron stars embedded in clouds of hydrogen

The accretion of a cloud of hydrogen at the surface of a small, heavy star produces a high energy mostly dissipated by electromagnetic radiation. The combination of the absorption and the redshift of this radiation by hydrogen explains all spectral observations: shapes of the broad lines, and their anti-correlation with the radio-loudness, lack of lines in front of the Lyman forest, value zb = 0.062 of the periodicity of the redshifts, correlation of a high redshift with a thermal spectrum attributed to dust. These properties are deduced from usual laws of physics without new parameters, they do not require any non baryonic matter.Comment: 7 page

Introduction of coherence in astrophysical spectroscopy

By confusing the radiance of a single mode light beam, constant in a transparent medium, with the irradiance which decreases away from the source, Menzel purports to show that coherent interactions of light with the diluted media of astrophysics, are negligible. Therefore, to study the interaction of light with gases, astrophysicists use Monte Carlo computations which work to study nuclear systems, but not optics: optical modes which may be defined in inhomogeneous media or for the emissions of single atoms interact coherently with these systems: a unique formula represents, according to the sign of a parameter, absorption and coherent emission. The optical and spectroscopic properties of a very simple model, an extremely hot source in an isotropic cloud of pure, low pressure, initially cold, huge hydrogen cloud are studied using Planck's and Einstein's theories. The similarities of the images and the spectra of this simple model with astronomical observations, for instance of SNR1987A, Einstein cross, lyman break galaxies, quasars,... is so large that this model may be an elementary first step in the study of many astrophysical objects. Adaptations of the model to complex astrophysical systems could represent them using only the old, standard theories of physics commonly used in laser spectroscopy.Comment: 16 pages 1 figur

The zero point field and the reduction of the wave packet in semiclassical electrodynamics

In the classical theory, an electromagnetic field obeying Maxwell's equations cannot be absorbed quickly by matter, so that it remains a zero point field. Splitting the total, genuine electromagnetic field into the sum of a conventional field and a zero point field is physically meaningless until a receiver attenuates the genuine field down to the zero point field, or studying the amplification of the zero point field by a source. In classical optics all optical effects must be written using the genuine field, so that at low light levels the nonlinear effects become linear in relation to the conventional field. The result of the interpretation of all observations, even at low light levels, is exactly the same in quantum electrodynamics and in the semi- classical theory. The zero point field is stochastic only far from the sources and the receivers; elsewhere, it is shaped by matter, it may be studied through fields visible before an absorption or after an amplification. A classical study of the reduction of the wave packet extends the domain of equivalence of the classical and quantum zero point field; using both interpretations of this field makes the results more reliable, because the traps are different.Comment: 9 pages. version 2 more precise; very minor corrections in version

A tentative elementary model of quasars

A very simple model of quasar and Seyfert galaxy is obtained using the "Coherent Raman Effect on time-Incoherent Light" (CREIL) to explain a part of the observed redshifts. As its redshift is mostly provided by the CREIL, a QSO is not very far, its kernel may be a neutron star fed by the accretion of a disk, fed itself by the fall of many satellites. Disk and satellites are slowed by a relatively dense halo. The electric charges resulting of the friction of the disk produce flat lightnings, thus radio noise emitted mostly perpendicular to the disk, and X rays. The optical spectrum, including the shape of the spectral lines is explained without uncommon physics such as dark matter, by a splitting of the very wide lines resulting from simultaneous absorption and frequency shift, splitting due to a modulation of the redshift resulting from variations of a magnetic field.Comment: 4 pages Version 2: Grammatical and typographical change

The accreting neutron stars are quasars, and the universe does not expand

The reliable theory of the evolution of heavy stars predicts the existence of a type of neutron stars which accrete a cloud of dirty hydrogen (accretors). Although they are very small (some hundreds of kilometres), the accretors should be easily observable because the accretion raises the surface temperature over 1 000 000 K, but they are never detected. The reason of this failure is a misunderstanding of the spectroscopy of hydrogen crossed by a powerful beam of short wavelengths light. Except very close to the surface, hydrogen is mostly heated by a Lyman absorption improved by a parametric frequency shift due to excited atomic hydrogen, so that this absorption stabilises the temperature between the limits of ionisation and dimerisation. A powerful radio emission may produce an extra ionisation where the pressure is convenient. The combination of Lyman absorptions and redshifts produces an instability which chains Lyman absorption patterns : when a redshifted Lyman absorbed line coincides with a Lyman line, all absorption lines of the gas are written into the spectrum. Thus all characteristics of the complex spectrum of a quasar are generated, so that observed accretors are named quasars, and the origin of the intrinsic redshifts is found. The lack of redshifts of the variations of luminosity of stars and quasars shows that the "cosmological redshifts" result from the parametric frequency shift, so that the universe does not expand.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure

The zero point field in low light level experiments

The existence of the zero point electromagnetic field in the dark is a trivial property of classical electromagnetism. Splitting the total, genuine electromagnetic field into the sum of a conventional field and a zero point field is physically meaningless. If a receiver attenuates the genuine field down to a zero conventional field, it remains a zero point field having the coherence and the phase of the conventional field, and vice-versa for the amplification of the zero point field by a source. Nonlinear optical effects must be written using the genuine field, so that at low light levels they become linear in relation to the conventional field. The result of the interpretation of all observations, even at low light levels, is exactly the same in quantum electrodynamics and in the semi-classical theory. The zero point field is stochastic only far from the sources and the receivers; elsewhere, it is shaped by matter, it may be studied through fields visible before an absorption or after an amplification. Two examples are given : the computation of fourth order interferences and the use of the impulsive stimulated Raman scattering with ordinary incoherent light in astrophysics.Comment: 7 page

Propagation of light: Coherent or Monte-Carlo computation ?

Wrong Monte-Carlo computations are used to study the propagation of light in low pressure gas of nebulae. We recall that the incoherent interactions required for Monte Carlo calculations and hindering coherent interactions are due to collisions that disappear at low pressure. Incoherent interactions blur the images while coherent do not. We introduce coherent optical effects or substitute them for Monte Carlo calculations in published papers, improving the results and avoiding the introduction of "new physics". The spectral radiance of novae has the magnitude of the radiance of lasers, and large column densities are available in the nebulae. Several types of coherent interactions (superradiance, multiphoton effects, etc..), well studied using lasers, work in nebulae as in laboratories. The relatively thin shell of plasma containing atoms around a Str\^omgren sphere is superradiant, so that the limb of the sphere is seen as a circle which may be dotted into an even number of "pearls". The superradiant beams induce a multiphotonic scattering of the light rays emitted by the star, improving the brightness of the limb and darkening the star. Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scatterings (ISRS) in excited atomic hydrogen shift the frequencies of electromagnetic waves: UV-X lines of the Sun are red- or blue-shifted, the microwaves exchanged with the Pioneer 10 and 11 probes are blueshifted (no anomalous acceleration needed), the far stars are redshifted. Without any "new physics", coherent spectroscopy works as a magic stick to explain many observations.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure

Propagation of light in low pressure ionised and atomic hydrogen. Application to astrophysics

The "Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering" (ISRS) performed using ultrashort laser pulses shifts the light frequencies. Tried using ordinary incoherent light, it keeps its qualitative properties except the nonlinearity due to the power of the laser pulses. The relative frequency shifts of the "Coherent Raman Effect on Incoherent Light" (CREIL) which is obtained do not depend on the intensity and, in a first approximation, on the frequency of the light. As CREIL does not blur the images and the spectra, its shifts may be confused with Doppler shifts. ISRS and CREIL are parametric effects which do not excite the matter, transferring energy from hot beams to cold beams; for CREIL, the cold light is thermal radiation which is heated. CREIL requires low pressure gases acting as catalysts. These gases must have Raman transitions in the radiofrequencies range: for instance H2+ or excited atomic hydrogen in a magnetic field. The spectral lines resulting from a simultaneous absorption (or emission) and CREIL have a width at least equal to the frequency shift, so that the lines of a complex spectrum may be weakened and mixed, becoming nearly invisible. In astrophysics, molecular hydrogen is ionised, but so quickly destroyed by collisions that it persists only at pressures low enough to provide CREIL: Thus it is invisible. It contributes to the "cosmological redshift" and to an amplification of the 2.7K radiation. Using CREIL, the interpretation of the spectra of the quasars requires only usual laws of physics, usual matter and usual astronomical objects: a star, an accretion disk, satellites in a plasma of atomic hydrogen.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures In version 3 the English is corrected and the key of a quantitative interpretation off the Lyman forest (quantified redshifts) is give

Explaining the pearl necklace of SNR 1987A by coherent optics

A lot of beautiful observations of Supernova remnant 1987A give a precise idea of its structure and its evolution. The regular interpretations of the observations set that the large energy needed to explain the brightness of the pearl necklaces is provided by shock waves involving remnants of a first explosion and a wave produced by the observed explosion although the existence of this wave is discussed. We develop the alternative explanation of the necklaces by photoionization. Our main hypothesis is that the explosion of the blue supergiant progenitor produces two neutron stars and a central brilliant object, a linear system similar to those which were observed by Halton Arp. We suppose that these stars remains bright in extreme UV, to maintain the strong ionization of a bubble of hot hydrogen nearly transparent in far UV (defined as the range of Lyman frequencies of atomic hydrogen). Outside the bubbles, three shells containing atomic hydrogen generate resonant, superradiant scatterings at Lyman frequencies, in tangential competing modes. The superradiance cools the gas and absorbs strongly the radial far UV light, hiding the stars. The shells may be identified with the inner active shells found from light echoes.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure