Goat hair as a bioindicator of environmental contaminants and adrenal activation during vertical transhumance

Autochthonous breeds of livestock are considered a pivotal genetic resource for agriculture, rural development, and food and nutrition security. In the Italian Alps, local livestock breeds are maintained using the traditional alpine farming system based on vertical transhumance, with the use of alpine pastures from late spring to autumn and indoor housing with a hay-based diet for the remaining part of the year. Because of their tight link with the territory of origin, local breeds could be used to biomonitor environmental contaminations. Moreover, animal welfare should also be monitored during transhumance in animals, which are exposed to a sudden farming system change and different types of stressors. For these reasons, this investigation hypothesized that the content of trace elements, heavy metals, and cortisol in the hair of goats changes during vertical transhumance, possibly reflecting different dietary contents and activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study aimed to assess the response of an Italian local goat breed to the change from indoor housing to alpine pasture in summer in terms of hair concentrations of (i) trace elements and heavy metals and (ii) cortisol. The regrown hair of Frisa goats was monthly collected for 2 consecutive years (n = 10 for heavy metals and trace elements and n = 6 for cortisol in 2021, n = 17 for both analyses in 2022), once before vertical transhumance and twice after that event. Hair was then analyzed for trace elements, heavy metals, and cortisol by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer (ICP-OES) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), respectively. Data were analyzed by multilevel models. The results showed an increase in As content during alpine pasture (p< 0.01), probably reflecting the soil and water As contents of the grazing area, while Mg, Zn, and Al (p< 0.01) followed the opposite trend, decreasing in the second month after vertical transhumance. Hair cortisol concentrations increased during 2 months of alpine pasture (p< 0.001), indicating an increase in the activation of the HPA axis, in agreement with previous studies. Future investigations can consider a longer study period and the development of ad hoc animal welfare indicators

Joint EVS/WVS 2017-2021 Dataset (Joint EVS/WVS)

The European Values Study (EVS) and the World Values Survey (WVS) are two large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research programmes. They include a large number of questions on moral, religious, social, political, occupational and family values which have been replicated since the early eighties. Both organizations agreed to cooperate in joint data collection from 2017. EVS has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in European countries, using the EVS questionnaire and EVS methodological guidelines. WVSA has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in countries in the world outside Europe, using the WVS questionnaire and WVS methodological guidelines. Both organisations developed their draft master questionnaires independently. The joint items define the Common Core of both questionnaires. The Joint EVS/WVS is constructed from the two EVS and WVS source datasets: - European Values Study 2017 Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017), ZA7500 Data file Version 4.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13560 (https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13560). - European Values Study 2017: Ukraine (EVS 2017), ZA7539 Data file Version 1.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13714 (https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13714). - World Values Survey: Round Seven–Country-Pooled Datafile. Version 2.0.0, doi: 10.14281/18241.13 (https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.13).The European Values Study (EVS) and the World Values Survey (WVS) are two large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research programmes. They include a large number of questions on moral, religious, social, political, occupational and family values which have been replicated since the early eighties. Both organizations agreed to cooperate in joint data collection from 2017. EVS has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in European countries, using the EVS questionnaire and EVS methodological guidelines. WVSA has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in countries in the world outside Europe, using the WVS questionnaire and WVS methodological guidelines. Both organisations developed their draft master questionnaires independently. The joint items define the Common Core of both questionnaires. The Joint EVS/WVS is constructed from the two EVS and WVS source datasets: - European Values Study 2017 Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017), ZA7500 Data file Version 4.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13560 (https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13560). - European Values Study 2017: Ukraine (EVS 2017), ZA7539 Data file Version 1.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13714 (https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13714). - World Values Survey: Round Seven–Country-Pooled Datafile. Version 2.0.0, doi: 10.14281/18241.13 (https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.13)

Joint EVS/WVS 2017-2022 Dataset (Joint EVS/WVS)

1. Lebenswahrnehmung: Bedeutung von Familie, Freunden, Freizeit, Politik, Arbeit und Religion; Gl&uuml;cksgef&uuml;hl; Selbsteinsch&auml;tzung des Gesundheitszustandes; Lebenszufriedenheit; interne oder externe Kontrolle; Bedeutung von Bildungszielen: erw&uuml;nschte Eigenschaften von Kindern; Mitgliedschaft in freiwilligen Organisationen (religi&ouml;se Organisationen, kulturelle Aktivit&auml;ten, Gewerkschaften, politische Parteien oder Gruppen, Naturschutz, Umwelt, &Ouml;kologie, Tierrechte, Berufsverb&auml;nde, Sport, Erholung, Verbrauchergruppen oder andere Gruppen); Mitgliedschaft in humanit&auml;ren oder karitativen Organisationen, Selbsthilfegruppen oder gegenseitige Hilfe; Toleranz gegen&uuml;ber Minderheiten (Menschen einer anderen Rasse, starke Trinker, Immigranten/Ausl&auml;nder, Drogenabh&auml;ngige, Homosexuelle - soziale Distanz); Vertrauen in Menschen; Schutz der Umwelt vs. wirtschaftliches Wachstum. 2. Arbeit: Einstellung zur Arbeit (Menschen, die nicht arbeiten, werden faul, Arbeit ist eine Pflicht gegen&uuml;ber der Gesellschaft, die Arbeit steht immer an erster Stelle); Arbeit ist knapp: M&auml;nner sollten mehr Recht auf einen Arbeitsplatz haben als Frauen (3-Punkte-Skala und 5-Punkte-Skala), Arbeitgeber sollten Menschen (der Nation) Vorrang vor Einwanderern geben (3-Punkte-Skala und 5-Punkte-Skala). 3. Religion und Moral: Religionszugeh&ouml;rigkeit; derzeitige H&auml;ufigkeit des Besuchs von Gottesdiensten; H&auml;ufigkeit des Gebets (WVS7); au&szlig;erhalb der Gottesdienste zu Gott beten (EVS5); Selbsteinsch&auml;tzung der Religiosit&auml;t; Glaube an Gott, Leben nach dem Tod, H&ouml;lle und Himmel; Bedeutung Gottes im eigenen Leben; moralische Einstellungen (Skala: Inanspruchnahme staatlicher Leistungen ohne Anspruch, Umgehung von Fahrgeldern in &ouml;ffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln, Steuerbetrug, Annahme von Bestechungsgeldern, Homosexualit&auml;t, Prostitution, Abtreibung, Scheidung, Euthanasie, Selbstmord, Gelegenheitssex, politische Gewalt, Todesstrafe). 4. Familie: Einstellung zum traditionellen Verst&auml;ndnis der eigenen Rolle von Mann und Frau in Beruf und Familie (Geschlechterrollen); homosexuelle Paare sind genauso gute Eltern wie andere Paare; Pflicht gegen&uuml;ber der Gesellschaft, Kinder zu haben; es ist die Pflicht des Kindes, sich um den kranken Elternteil zu k&uuml;mmern; eines der Hauptziele im Leben ist es, die eigenen Eltern stolz zu machen. 5. Politik und Gesellschaft: wichtigste Ziele des Landes f&uuml;r die n&auml;chsten zehn Jahre (erste Wahl, zweite Wahl), Ziele des Befragten (erste Wahl, zweite Wahl)); postmaterialistischer Index 4; Bereitschaft, f&uuml;r das Land zu k&auml;mpfen; Erwartungen an die zuk&uuml;nftige Entwicklung (weniger Bedeutung von Arbeit und gr&ouml;&szlig;erer Respekt vor Autorit&auml;t); politisches Interesse; politische Partizipation (politische Aktion: Unterzeichnung einer Petition, Teilnahme an Boykotten, Teilnahme an rechtm&auml;&szlig;igen/friedlichen Demonstrationen, Teilnahme an inoffiziellen Streiks); politische Selbsteinstufung; gleiches Einkommen vs. Anreize f&uuml;r individuelle Anstrengung; privates vs. staatliches Eigentum an Unternehmen und Industrie; individuelle vs. staatliche Verantwortung f&uuml;r die Versorgung; Wettbewerb ist gut vs. sch&auml;dlich f&uuml;r die Menschen; Vertrauen in Institutionen (Kirchen, Streitkr&auml;fte, Presse, Gewerkschaften, Polizei, Parlament, &ouml;ffentliche Dienste, gro&szlig;e regionale Organisationen (kombiniert aus l&auml;nderspezifischen), die Europ&auml;ische Union, die Regierung, die politischen Parteien, Gro&szlig;unternehmen, die Umweltschutzbewegung, Justiz/Gerichte, die Vereinten Nationen); Zufriedenheit mit dem politischen System des Landes; bevorzugte Art des politischen Systems (starker F&uuml;hrer, Expertenentscheidungen, Armee sollte das Land regieren, oder Demokratie); Partei, f&uuml;r die der Befragte stimmen w&uuml;rde: erste Wahl (WVS); politische Partei mit der gr&ouml;&szlig;ten Anziehungskraft (ISO 3166-1) (EVS5); wesentliche Merkmale der Demokratie; Bedeutung der Demokratie f&uuml;r den Befragten; Bewertung der Demokratie im eigenen Land; Stimmabgabe bei Wahlen auf lokaler und nationaler Ebene; Bewertung der Wahlen im eigenen Land (Stimmen werden fair ausgez&auml;hlt, Oppositionskandidaten werden an der Kandidatur gehindert, Fernsehnachrichten beg&uuml;nstigen die Regierungspartei, W&auml;hler werden bestochen, Journalisten sorgen f&uuml;r eine faire Berichterstattung &uuml;ber die Wahlen, Wahlbeamte sind fair, Reiche kaufen Wahlen, W&auml;hler werden mit Gewalt an den Urnen bedroht); Meinung &uuml;ber das Recht der Regierung zur Video&uuml;berwachung von Menschen in &ouml;ffentlichen Bereichen, alle E-Mails und alle anderen im Internet ausgetauschten Informationen zu &uuml;berwachen, Informationen &uuml;ber jeden, der im Land lebt ohne dessen Wissen zu sammeln. 6. Nationale Identit&auml;t: Vertrauen in Menschen aus verschiedenen Gruppen (Familie, Nachbarschaft, pers&ouml;nlich bekannte Personen, Menschen, denen man zum ersten Mal begegnet, Menschen einer anderen Religion und Menschen einer anderen Nationalit&auml;t); Staatsb&uuml;rger des Landes; Nationalstolz; Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Einwanderern auf die Entwicklung des Landes; geographische Gruppe, der sich der Befragte zugeh&ouml;rig f&uuml;hlt (Kontinent, z.B. Europa, Asien usw., Welt, Dorf, Stadt, Landkreis, Region, Bezirk, Land). Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; umkodiertes Alter (6 Intervalle und 3 Intervalle); Befragter ist Einwanderer/ im Befragungsland geboren; Geburtsland (ISO 3166-1-Code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha-Code); h&ouml;chster Bildungsgrad (ISCED-Code einstellig); h&ouml;chster Bildungsgrad (umkodiert); Erwerbsstatus; Institution des Berufs; Beruf/Branche (2-stellig ISCO08) (EVS5); Berufsgruppe (WVS7); Familienstand; Anzahl der Kinder; Anzahl der Personen im Haushalt (Haushaltsgr&ouml;&szlig;e); Zusammenleben mit den Eltern; Einkommensskala (WVS7), Einkommensskala (EVS5). Informationen &uuml;ber den Partner/Ehepartner: h&ouml;chster Bildungsgrad (ISCED-Code einstellig); h&ouml;chster Bildungsgrad (rekodiert); Erwerbsstatus; Beruf/Branche (2-stellig ISCO08) (EVS5); Berufsgruppe (WVS7). Informationen &uuml;ber die Eltern der Befragten: im Land geborener Vater und im Land geborene Mutter; Geburtsland von Vater und Mutter (ISO 3166-1-Code, ISO 3166-1/3-Alpha-Code); h&ouml;chster Bildungsgrad von Vater und Mutter (ISCED-Code einstellig); h&ouml;chster Bildungsgrad von Vater und Mutter (umkodiert); Berufsgruppe des Vaters des Befragten (EVS5-Hauptverdiener) (Befragter 14 Jahre alt). Interviewerbewertung: Interesse des Befragten w&auml;hrend des Interviews. Zus&auml;tzlich kodiert: Studie; Welle; Version des Joint EVS/WVS; Version der EVS5- und WVS7-Quelldateien; Quelle des Joint EVS/WVS; einheitliche Befragtennummer (Joint); Interviewer-Nummer; L&auml;ndercode (ISO 3166-1 Numerischer Code und ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2-Code); Land (CoW Numerischer Code); Erhebungsjahr; Jahr/Monat des Beginns der Feldarbeit; Jahr/Monat des Endes der Feldarbeit; Land - Jahr; Modus der Datenerhebung; gemischter Modus/Matrixdesign (EVS5); Modus der Datenerhebung (Follow-up) (EVS5); Matrixattribution (Gruppe/Variablenblock) (EVS5); Jahr/Monat des Beginns der Feldarbeit (Matrixdesign) (EVS5); Jahr/Monat des Endes der Feldarbeit (Matrixdesign) (EVS5); Erhebungsjahr (Follow-up) (EVS5); Gesamtl&auml;nge des Interviews (Startstunde und Startminute, Endstunde und Endminute); Datum des Interviews; Datum des Interviews (Follow-up) (EVS5); Zeit des Interviews - Beginn (konstruiert) (Follow-up) (EVS5); Zeit des Interviews - Ende (konstruiert) (Follow-up) (EVS5); Sprache des Interviews (WVS/EVS-Sprachenliste); Sprache des Interviews (ISO 639-1 alpha-2 / 639-2 alpha 3); Gewichtungsfaktoren (Kalibrierungsgewichte, Gewicht der Bev&ouml;lkerungsgr&ouml;&szlig;e, &auml;quilibriertes Gewicht - 1000); Region, in der das Interview durchgef&uuml;hrt wurde (NUTS-1); Region, in der das Interview durchgef&uuml;hrt wurde (NUTS-2); Region, in der das Interview durchgef&uuml;hrt wurde (ISO); Gr&ouml;&szlig;e der Stadt, in der das Interview durchgef&uuml;hrt wurde (5 Kategorien).,1. Perceptions of life: importance of family, friends, leisure time, politics, work, and religion; feeling of happiness; self-assessment of state of health; satisfaction with life; internal or external control; importance of educational goals: desirable qualities of children; membership in voluntary organisations (religious organisations, cultural activities, trade unions, political parties or groups, conservation, environment, ecology, animal rights, professional associations, sports, recreation, consumer groups, or other groups); membership in humanitarian or charitable organisation, self-help group or mutual aid; tolerance towards minorities (people of a different race, heavy drinkers, immigrants/ foreign workers, drug addicts, homosexuals - social distance); trust in people; protecting the environment vs. economic growth. 2. Work: attitude towards work (people who don&rsquo;t work turn lazy, work is a duty towards society, work always comes first); job scarce: men should have more right to a job than women (3-point scale and 5-point scale), employers should give priority to (nation) people than immigrants (3-point scale and 5-point scale). 3. Religion and morale: religious denomination; current frequency of religious services attendance; frequency of prayer (WVS7); pray to God outside of religious services (EVS5); self-assessment of religiousness; belief in God, life after death, hell, and heaven; importance of God in one&acute;s life; morale attitudes (scale: claiming government benefits without entitlement, avoiding a fare on public transport, cheating on taxes, accepting a bribe, homosexuality, prostitution, abortion, divorce, euthanasia, suicide, having casual sex, political violence, death penalty). 4. Family: attitude towards traditional understanding of one&acute;s role of man and woman in occupation and family (gender roles); homosexual couples are as good parents as other couples; duty towards society to have children; it is child&acute;s duty to take care of ill parent; one of main goals in life has been to make own parents proud. 5. Politics and society: most important aims of the country for the next ten years (first choice, second choice), aims of the respondent (first choice, second choice)); post-materialist index 4-item; willingness to fight for the country; expectation of future development (less importance placed on work and greater respect for authority); political interest; political participation (political action: signing a petition, joining in boycotts, attending lawful/ peaceful demonstrations, joining unofficial strikes); self positioning in political scale; equal incomes vs. incentives for individual effort; private vs. state ownership of business and industry; individual vs. government responsibility for providing; competition good vs. harmful for people; confidence in institutions (churches, armed forces, the press, labour unions, the police, parliament, the civil services, major regional organisations (combined from country-specific), the European Union, the government, the political parties, major companies, the environmental protection movement, justice system/ courts, the United Nations); satisfaction with the political system in the country; preferred type of political system (strong leader, expert decisions, army should rule the country, or democracy); party the respondent would vote for: first choice (WVS); political party with the most appeal (ISO 3166-1) (EVS5); essential characteristics of democracy; importance of democracy for the respondent; rating democracy in own country; vote in elections on local level and on national level; assessment of country&acute;s elections (votes are counted fairly, opposition candidates are prevented from running, TV news favors the governing party, voters are bribed, journalists provide fair coverage of elections, election officials are fair, rich people buy elections, voters are threatened with violence at the polls); opinion on the government&acute;s right to keep people under video surveillance in public areas, to monitor all e-mails and any other information exchanged on the Internet, to collect information about anyone living in the country without their knowledge. 6. National Identity: trust in people from various groups (family, neighborhood, personally known people, people you meet for the first time, people of another religion, and people of another nationality); citizen of the country; national pride; evaluation of the impact of immigrants on the country&acute;s development; geographical group the respondent feels belonging to (continent, e.g. Europe, Asia etc., world, village, town or city, county, region, district, country). Demography: sex; age; age recoded (6 intervals and 3 intervals); respondent immigrant/ born in the country of interview; country of birth (ISO 3166-1 code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); highest educational level (ISCED-code one digit); highest educational level (recoded); employment status; Institution of occupation; job profession/ industry (2 digit ISCO08) (EVS5); occupational group (WVS7); marital status; number of children; number of people in the household (household size); living together with parents; scale of incomes (WVS7), scale of incomes (EVS5). Information on partner/spouse: highest educational level (ISCED-code one digit); highest educational level (recoded); employment status; job profession/ industry (2 digit ISCO08) (EVS5); occupational group (WVS7). Information on respondent&rsquo;s parents: father and mother born in the country; country of birth of father and mother (ISO 3166-1 code, ISO 3166-1/3 Alpha code); highest educational level of father and mother (ISCED code one digit); highest educational level of father and mother (recoded); occupational group of respondent&rsquo;s father (EVS5-main earner) (respondent 14 years old). Interviewer rating: respondent&acute;s interest during the interview. Additionally encoded: study; wave; version of Joint EVS/WVS; version of EVS5 und WVS7 source data files; source of the Joint EVS/WVS; unified respondent number (Joint); interviewer number; country code (ISO 3166-1 Numeric code and ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code); country (CoW Numeric code); year of survey; year/month of start of fieldwork; year/month of end of fieldwork; country &ndash; year; mode of data collection; mixed mode/ matrix design (EVS5); mode of data collection (follow up) (EVS5); matrix attribution (group/variable bloc) (EVS5); year/ month of start of fieldwork (matrix design) EVS5); year/ month of end of fieldwork (matrix design) (EVS5); survey year (follow up) (EVS5); total length of the interview (start hour and start minute, end hour and end minute); date of the interview; date of the interview (follow up) (EVS5); time of the interview &ndash; start (constructed) (follow up) (EVS5); time of the interview &ndash; end (constructed) (follow up) (EVS5); language of the interview (WVS/EVS list of languages); language of interview (ISO 639-1 alpha-2 / 639-2 alpha 3); weighting factors (calibration weights, population size weight, equilibrated weight-1000); region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-1); region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-2); region where the interview was conducted (ISO); size of town where the interview was conducted (5 categories).,The European Values Study (EVS) and the World Values Survey (WVS) are two large-scale, cross-national and longitudinal survey research programmes. They include a large number of questions on moral, religious, social, political, occupational and family values which have been replicated since the early eighties. Both organizations agreed to cooperate in joint data collection from 2017. EVS has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in European countries, using the EVS questionnaire and EVS methodological guidelines. WVSA has been responsible for planning and conducting surveys in countries in the world outside Europe, using the WVS questionnaire and WVS methodological guidelines. Both organisations developed their draft master questionnaires independently. The joint items define the Common Core of both questionnaires. The Joint EVS/WVS is constructed from the two EVS and WVS source datasets: - European Values Study 2017 Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017), ZA7500 Data file Version 5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897 (https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13897). - World Values Survey: Round Seven&ndash;Country-Pooled Datafile. Version 5.0.0, doi: 10.14281/18241.20,EVS 2017: Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: Paper In all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the EVS advisory groups. The main mode in EVS 2017 is face to face (interviewer-administered). An alternative self-administered form was possible but as a parallel mixed mode, i.e. there was no choice for the respondent between modes: either s/he was assigned to face to face, either s/he was assigned to web or web/mail format. In all countries included in the first pre-release, the EVS questionnaire was administered as face-to-face interview (CAPI or/and PAPI). The EVS 2017 Master Questionnaire was provided in English and each national Programme Director had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 5% or more of the population in the country. A central team monitored the translation process by means of the Translation Management Tool (TMT), developed by CentERdata (Tilburg). WVS wave 7: Mode of collection: mixed mode Face-to-face interview: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) Face-to-face interview: PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) Telephone interview: CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) Self-administered questionnaire: Paper Web-based interview In all countries, fieldwork was conducted on the basis of detailed and uniform instructions prepared by the WVS scientific advisory committee and WVSA secretariat. The main data collection mode in WVS 2017-2022 is face to face (interviewer-administered) with a printed (PAPI) or electronic (CAPI) questionnaire. Several countries employed self-administered interview or mixed-mode approach to data collection: Australia (CAWI; postal survey); Canada (CAWI); Great Britain (CAPI; CAWI; postal survey; web-based interview (Video interviewing); Hong Kong SAR (PAPI; CAWI); Malaysia (CAWI; PAPI); Netherlands (CAWI); Northern Ireland (CAPI; CAWI; postal survey; web-based interview (Video interviewing); USA (CAWI; CATI). The WVS Master Questionnaire was provided in English, Arabic, Russian and Spanish. Each national survey team had to ensure that the questionnaire was translated into all the languages spoken by 15% or more of the population in the country. WVSA Secretariat and Data archive monitored the translation process; every translation is subject to multi-stage validation procedure before the fieldwork can be started.,EVS 2017: Mixed-Mode-Erhebungsverfahren Pers&ouml;nliches Interview: CAPI (Computerunterst&uuml;tzte pers&ouml;nliche Befragung) Pers&ouml;nliches Interview: PAPI (Papierfragebogen) Telefonisches Interview: CATI (Computerunterst&uuml;tzte telefonische Befragung) Selbstausf&uuml;ller: CAWI (Computerunterst&uuml;tztes Web-Interview) Selbstausf&uuml;ller: Papier In allen L&auml;ndern wurde die Feldarbeit auf der Grundlage detaillierter und einheitlicher Anweisungen der EVS-Beratergruppen durchgef&uuml;hrt. Der Hauptmodus in EVS 2017 ist Face-to-Face (vom Interviewer ausgef&uuml;llt). Eine alternative Selbstausf&uuml;ller-Form war m&ouml;glich, aber als paralleler Mischmodus, d.h. es gab keine Wahlm&ouml;glichkeit f&uuml;r den Befragten zwischen den Modi: Entweder er/sie wurde pers&ouml;nlich zugewiesen, oder er/sie wurde dem Web- oder Web-/Mail-Format zugeordnet. In allen L&auml;ndern, die in die erste Vorabver&ouml;ffentlichung einbezogen waren, wurde der EVS-Fragebogen als Face-to-Face-Interview (CAPI oder/und PAPI) durchgef&uuml;hrt. Der EVS-Masterfragebogen 2017 wurde in englischer Sprache bereitgestellt, und jeder nationale Programmdirektor musste sicherstellen, dass der Fragebogen in alle Sprachen &uuml;bersetzt wurde, die von 5% oder mehr der Bev&ouml;lkerung des Landes gesprochen wurden. Ein zentrales Team &uuml;berwachte den &Uuml;bersetzungsprozess mit Hilfe des Translation Management Tools (TMT), das von CentERdata (Tilburg) entwickelt wurde. WVS7: Mixed-Mode-Erhebungsverfahren Pers&ouml;nliches Interview: CAPI (Computerunterst&uuml;tzte pers&ouml;nliche Befragung) Pers&ouml;nliches Interview: PAPI (Papierfragebogen) Telefonisches Interview: CATI (Computerunterst&uuml;tzte telefonische Befragung) Selbstausf&uuml;ller: CAWI (Computerunterst&uuml;tztes Web-Interview) Selbstausf&uuml;ller: Papier Webbasiertes Interview In allen L&auml;ndern wurde die Feldarbeit auf der Grundlage detaillierter und einheitlicher Anweisungen durchgef&uuml;hrt, die vom wissenschaftlichen Beirat der WVS und dem Sekretariat der WVSA erstellt wurden. Der Hauptmodus der Datenerhebung in der WVS 2017-2022 ist die pers&ouml;nliche Befragung (interviewer-administered). Einige L&auml;nder verwendeten selbstadministrierte Interviews oder einen gemischten Modus f&uuml;r die Datenerhebung: Australien (CAWI; postalische Befragung); Kanada (CAWI); Gro&sz