Study of CO2 Corrosion Inhibitor Persistency Using Langmuir Isotherm Model and Effects of Iron Carbide on Persistency

Organic corrosion inhibitors (CI) are widely used in the oil and gas industry to mitigate corrosion of the pipelines. The most

Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial

SummaryBackground Azithromycin has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of its immunomodulatoryactions. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19Therapy [RECOVERY]), several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients admitted to hospitalwith COVID-19 in the UK. The trial is underway at 176 hospitals in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients wererandomly allocated to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus azithromycin 500 mg once perday by mouth or intravenously for 10 days or until discharge (or allocation to one of the other RECOVERY treatmentgroups). Patients were assigned via web-based simple (unstratified) randomisation with allocation concealment andwere twice as likely to be randomly assigned to usual care than to any of the active treatment groups. Participants andlocal study staff were not masked to the allocated treatment, but all others involved in the trial were masked to theoutcome data during the trial. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality, assessed in the intention-to-treatpopulation. The trial is registered with ISRCTN, 50189673, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04381936.Findings Between April 7 and Nov 27, 2020, of 16 442 patients enrolled in the RECOVERY trial, 9433 (57%) wereeligible and 7763 were included in the assessment of azithromycin. The mean age of these study participants was65·3 years (SD 15·7) and approximately a third were women (2944 [38%] of 7763). 2582 patients were randomlyallocated to receive azithromycin and 5181 patients were randomly allocated to usual care alone. Overall,561 (22%) patients allocated to azithromycin and 1162 (22%) patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days(rate ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·87–1·07; p=0·50). No significant difference was seen in duration of hospital stay (median10 days [IQR 5 to >28] vs 11 days [5 to >28]) or the proportion of patients discharged from hospital alive within 28 days(rate ratio 1·04, 95% CI 0·98–1·10; p=0·19). Among those not on invasive mechanical ventilation at baseline, nosignificant difference was seen in the proportion meeting the composite endpoint of invasive mechanical ventilationor death (risk ratio 0·95, 95% CI 0·87–1·03; p=0·24).Interpretation In patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, azithromycin did not improve survival or otherprespecified clinical outcomes. Azithromycin use in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 should be restrictedto patients in whom there is a clear antimicrobial indication

Study of CO2 Corrosion Inhibitor Persistency Using a Developed Methodology and Langmuir Isotherm Model in Continuous Treatment

Modeling CO2 corrosion inhibitor adsorption/desorption behavior using a developed methodology for oil and gas pipelines

Development of the Methodology for Corrosion Inhibitor Persistency Studies in Batch Inhibition

The objective of this study was to develop a methodology for batch inhibition studies that can better simulate the batch treatment in the field with the ability of removing all the inhibitor residuals from the system and have no oxygen contamination. Model compounds and commercial inhibitors were used to validate the methodology and investigate the effects of solvent, tail length, temperature, and contact time on CI persistency. The setup uses a large supply of CO2-sparged uninhibited brine to continuously dilute the test cell at a constant flow rate. The test cell uses a 2-liter glass cell with a three-electrode setup, a 300 gallon tank, gas sparging ports, heating controls, fluid circulation, and a purged outlet container for the waste solution. All the system is sparged and deoxygenated with CO2 prior to the test. Then inhibitor is applied in situ on the prepared API 5L X65 steel rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) inside the empty deoxygenated glass cell using a special holder and vial. After the glass cell is deoxygenated again, uninhibited brine is introduced to the system and rotation is started when the specimen is totally immersed in the solution. Each batch inhibition test was operated at 1 bar, pH 4.00 ± 0.10 with the RCE at 1000 rpm. OCP, EIS and LPR measurements were conducted every 20 minutes. Tests were run at 30°C with excursions to 45°C to test persistency. Tests for persistency of each inhibitor lasted from a few hours to more than 1 week

Inflammatory gene expression in livers undergoing ex situ normothermic perfusion is attenuated by leukocyte removal from the perfusate

Background Ex situ normothermic perfusion (ESNP) is a method to evaluate and potentially recondition organs before transplantation. However, increased expression of inflammatory molecules, including by tissue-resident immune cells, may occur during the perfusion process, potentially negating the beneficial effects of perfusion. Methods We used RNA sequencing to assess gene expression in 31 livers undergoing ESNP, including 23 donated after circulatory death (DCD) and 8 donated after brain death (DBD). In 7 DCD livers, a leucocyte filter was added to the circuit during perfusion. Biopsies were available for transcriptomic assessment at the start of perfusion in all cases, and at varying timepoints post-perfusion. Results During ESNP in DCD livers, we observed an increase in pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrinolytic, and pro-repair pathway genes. SERPINE1, encoding plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, was among the genes most significantly upregulated during perfusion in DCD livers, potentially promoting fibrin clot persistence in vasculature. We also found increased expression of monocyte and neutrophil recruiting chemokine and pro-inflammatory cytokine transcripts during ESNP, but several pro-repair molecules, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), were also upregulated. In both DCD and DBD livers, interferon gamma (IFNG) response genes were enriched, while oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes decreased in organs with high perfusate alanine transaminase (ALT), a biomarker associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The inclusion of a leukocyte filter in the perfusion circuit mitigated the induction of inflammation/immune pathway genes during perfusion and was associated with enrichment in OXPHOS genes. Conclusions Leukocyte removal during ESNP abrogates transcriptional changes associated with unfavourable clinical outcomes, potentially benefiting human livers undergoing ESNP