Pour une politique cohérente de déconcentration

De Baecque Francis. Pour une politique cohérente de déconcentration. In: Revue française de science politique, 17ᵉ année, n°1, 1967. pp. 5-27

Kessler (Marie-Christine) - Le conseil d'État.

De Baecque Francis. Kessler (Marie-Christine) - Le conseil d'État.. In: Revue française de science politique, 22ᵉ année, n°1, 1972. pp. 128-132

Kessler (Marie-Christine) - Le conseil d'État.

De Baecque Francis. Kessler (Marie-Christine) - Le conseil d'État.. In: Revue française de science politique, 22ᵉ année, n°1, 1972. pp. 128-132

En guise d'introduction : archives et continuité

Baecque Francis de. En guise d'introduction : archives et continuité. In: La Gazette des archives, n°119, 1982. pp. 185-187

Discussion. troisième journée

DISCUSSION — 3nd day. The third day of the seminar chaired by Mr. Mascard was devoted to "Man's Adaption". At the outset Mr. Mascard proposed the debates should bear directly on the two main questions arising out of this subject — procedures for personnel affiliation and professional improvement or recycling. Messrs. Meyers and Denkovic then briefly presented their reports and made some additional remarks. Mr. Meyers voiced his uneasiness in treating such a subject, in view of certain considerations: one, because he is among the few participants who practice, and two, because of the methods employed. Having employed a vocabulary for numerous questionnaires which was adapted to the countries, he feared that more fundamental realities were hidden behind certain responses. In addition, since the French reply was returned late, he was concerned that an important effort with regard to perfecting skills, existing outside the traditional structures, might have been neglected. He also questioned the choice of the methods destined to correct the effects of regulations for training and selection which tend to become sclerotic in most countries. He observed the absence of cohesion in the measures taken; for, although greater flexibility is indispensable in the face of new needs, defined doctrine and policy are equally necessary. It is to be feared namely, in the case of perfecting skills that good intentions obscure general policy. Mr. Denkovic first drew attention to the role of civil service in the socialist countries and elucidated its main features: searching for the general interest, guarantying citizens' rights, establishing a set standard of living. He then briefly resumed the principles governing the choice of civil servants and the different factors taken into consideration for appointment to a given post. The problems touched upon in this general report were developed in the course of the debate by the participants of other socialist countries. Hence, Messrs. Starosciak, Stjepanovic, Popovic, Kostadinov and Vintu supplied details concerning the systems in vigor in Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Rumania respectively and answered numerous questions from the floor. Messrs. Schnur and Siedentopf gave examples of the solutions applied in Federal Germany. As for France, Messrs. Bodiguel, de Baecque and Bocognano each presented the topic of the day from a different angle. Mr. Bodiguel described a study on the career of graduates from the National School of Administration, questioning the role and importance of political influence in the promotion of civil servants. In his opinion there is an undeniable influence, which although it cannot be evaluated with precisions, would not be as important as it is sometimes said to be. Mr. Mascard underlined the interest surrounding the question of political influence and its basic importance in the socialist countries. Mr. Rybicki indicated that at a certain period (during the years following the installation of the socialist regime) political influence was the determining factor in Poland. Mr. de Baecque examined the possibilities of adaptation and perfection in civil service, the impediment constituted by security of employment and the inherent risks of inadaptation. He favored adapting civil servants to their employment through the creation of enlarged corps and the establishment of equilibrium between initial training (often costly) and on-the-job training. Mr. Bocognano made a brief inventory of the different methods for recycling within the administration, with which he has experimented, exposing their advantages and disadvantages. In conclusion Mr. Rybicki stated his satisfaction to note that knowledge of judicial, administrative and political problems had progressed in the European countries during the course of the past years. Explaining practices does not suffice, they must also be subjected to influence and improvement. Unity in Marxist principles does not solve practical problems. He therefore, considered that a general discussion between different socialist countries would be desirable. He also expressed his satisfaction with the atmosphere in which the seminar had taken place. Mr. Molitor insisted there should have been more time to discuss the very broad and varied questions brought up during the seminar. He suggested that in the future topics should be more limited in scope and that the manner in which they were to be treated should be set forth in advance. Mr. Bauchet, after having recalled the importance of Administrative Science, proposed the participation of the C.N.R.S. in future studies. He also approved the multiplication, of direct personal contact, the organization of specialized round tables and furthering the publication of studies relative to this field. Y. FORTINLa troisième journée du colloque, présidée par M. Mascard, a pour thème « l'adaptation des hommes ». Dès le départ, M. Mascard suggère que les débats portent directement sur les deux grandes questions soulevées par ce sujet: les procédures de recrutement du personnel et les procédures de perfectionnement et de recyclage. M. Meyers et M. Denkovic présentent ensuite brièvement leurs rapports et formulent quelques remarques complémentaires. M. Meyers fait part d'inquiétudes qu'il éprouve après avoir traité le sujet qui lui a été proposé : inquiétudes de climat, car il est l'un des rares praticiens participant au colloque, inquiétudes de méthode aussi, car il a employé un vocabulaire propre pour les questionnaires envoyés à de nombreux pays et a le sentiment que des réalités plus fondamentales se cachent derrière les réponses. De plus, la France ayant tardé à répondre, il craint d'avoir négligé un mouvement de perfectionnement important existant en dehors des structures prévues. S'interrogeant par ailleurs sur le choix des moyens destinés à corriger les effets des règles de formation et de sélection qui, dans la plupart des pays, ont tendance à se scléroser, il relève l'absence de cohésion des mesures prises, car s'il est indispensable d'introduire plus de souplesse afin de faire face à des besoins nouveaux, il semble également souhaitable de pouvoir insérer cette démarche dans une certaine doctrine et une certaine politique. Il est à craindre, en matière de perfectionnement notamment, que les bonnes intentions n'aient pris de vitesse une politique d'ensemble. M. Denkovic insiste tout d'abord sur le rôle de la fonction publique dans les pays socialistes et en trace les grandes lignes : la recherche de l'intérêt général, la garantie des droits des citoyens, l'établissement d'un niveau de vie déterminé. Puis, il résume brièvement les principes sur lesquels repose le choix des fonctionnaires et les différents éléments dont il est tenu compte lors de leur nomination à un poste déterminé. Les problèmes abordés dans ce rapport général sont développés au cours des débats par les participants des différents pays socialistes. Ainsi MM. Starosciak, Stjepanovic, Popovic, Kostadinov, Vintu, apportent des précisions sur les systèmes adoptés par la Pologne, la Yougoslavie, la Bulgarie, la Roumanie et les questions qui n'ont pas manqué de s'y poser. MM. Schnur et Siedentopf illustrent par des exemples les solutions retenues par l'Allemagne fédérale. Quant à la France, MM. Bodiguel, de Baecque et Bocognano présentent sous des éclairages différents le thème retenu pour cette dernière séance du colloque. M. Bodiguel communique le résultat d'une étude portant sur la carrière des anciens élèves de 1'E.N.A. et s'interroge notamment sur le rôle et l'importance de l'influence politique sur la promotion des fonctionnaires. Il estime que, si elle n'est pas niable, elle demeure néanmoins difficile à évaluer avec précision et serait inférieure à ce qu'on a pu dire parfois. M. Mascard souligne l'intérêt de cette question et rappelle que l'aspect politique est, en ce domaine fondamental dans les pays socialistes. M. Rybicki indique qu'à une certaine époque (dans les années qui ont suivi l'instauration d'un régime socialiste) ce critère a été déterminant en Pologne. M. de Baecque examine pour sa part les possibilités d'adaptation et de perfectionnement des fonctionnaires, le frein constitué par la sécurité de l'emploi, les risques inhérents à l'inadaptation. Il suggère de favoriser l'adaptation des fonctionnaires à leur emploi en créant des corps aussi larges que possible et souhaite qu'un équilibre entre une formation initiale (souvent coûteuse) et la formation en cours de carrière, soit recherché. M. Bocognano fait un bref inventaire des différents moyens utilisés par l'administration en matière de recyclage, qu'il a eu l'occasion d'expérimenter, et expose leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients. M. Rybicki, en conclusion, fait part de sa satisfaction de constater que la connaissance des problèmes juridiques, administratifs et politiques, a progressé au cours des dernières années dans les pays européens. Il ne s'agit plus seulement d'expliquer la pratique, mais aussi de l'influencer, de l'améliorer. L'unité des principes marxistes n'apporte pas de solution aux problèmes pratiques. Une discussion commune entre les différents pays socialistes s'avère donc souhaitable. Il se félicite également de l'atmosphère dans laquelle s'est déroulé le colloque. M. Molitor insiste sur la nécessité de prolonger ces journées au cours desquelles des questions très différentes et très vastes ont été abordées. Il faudrait pour des rencontres ultérieures déterminer des thèmes plus limités et préciser la manière dont ils seront traités. M. Bauchet, après avoir rappelé l'importance de la science administrative, propose d'apporter l'aide du C.N.R.S. à des recherches ultérieures en favorisant la multiplication des contacts directs personnels, l'organisation de tables rondes spécialisées et en développant la publication d'études relatives à ce domaine. Y. FORTINMeyers François, Denkovic Dragos, Bodiguel Jean-Luc, Schnur Roman, Mascard Jean, De Baecque Francis, Siedentopf H. Discussion. troisième journée. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 6, 1975, n°3. La recherche administrative en Europe. pp. 263-289

Discussion. Première journée

DISCUSSION — 1st day. The International Seminar on Administrative Research in Europe, organized by Mr. Lesage was held on November 15-17, 1973, in the Conference Hall of the French National Center for Scientific Research (C.N.R.S.). Both Eastern and Western European countries were largely and brilliantly represented: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Federal Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, U.K., U.S.S.R. and Yugoslavia. French specialists, mostly Jurists, but including civil servants, political representatives, and Sociologists were also numerous. The initial presentations were made by the organizers of the seminar, and the first work session was subsequently opened under the presidency of Mr. Brai- bant on the theme "Interdisciplinarity in Administrative Research". The two reporters, despite the divergence in systems, often presented similar problems and solutions. The interventions, which in the course of the day were enflamed and often caustic but always enriching, converged around three themes: the present situation of Administrative Science and concrete experiments in interdisciplinarity; the aims of interdisciplinarity and the methods to employ; and the nature of Administrative Science itself. Where is Administrative Science? At present there is juxtaposition of the different sciences pertaining to administration, but a need for broader conceptualization and a more interdisciplinarity approach is felt. This gives rise to certain problems. Epistomological obstacles were brought up by two reporters. The difficulty of decoding concepts and transcoding must not hamper research. Having underlined the imbrication of scientific activities such as Planning, Economics, Administrative Law, Sociology, Psychology, Computer techniques, participants of the seminar related concrete experiments in interdisciplinary research conducted in their respective countries, describing difficulties encountered, the first reflex of self-defense, the need for strict methodology and finally the break through. They all agree that interdisciplinarity is an unquestionable contribution. Interdisciplinarity also comes up against other obstacles of an institutional nature, compartmentation within faculties, in the administration and even within the National Center for Scientific Research. International teams should be created so that problems may be invested with an international dimension. Research should also be conducted in different countries by mixed teams or based on a common subject. The methodology to adopt was the subject of much debate. Methods must differ when they serve different points of view or when they apply to different objects. Certain considered that collaboration between two teams, each having its own program, is perhaps less difficult. Others favored research on administration via mixed teams. The Aims of Interdisciplinarity In any case research work which answers the need of enlightenment concerning concrete phenomena should lead to conclusions having a theoretical character. Administrative Science must be endowed with conceptual and methodological unity. The second aim of interdisciplinarity is to permit the exploration of fronteer regions. The problem of the existence of one Science or many, the favorable or unfavorable consequences of "hybridism" were issues for heated discussion. In a successful effort to clarify the debate, the President remarked that, "starting with research on interdisciplinarity we have arrived at the problem of the very existence and necessity of Administrative Science." The Very Nature of Administrative Science and its object was the focal point of several interventions, certain considering that Administrative Science has no epistemological statute. For several participants, set on defining its object, Administration is an instrument of the political apparatus, a bureaucracy, an organism for political representation of a certain clientele. Its role is to organize, therefore innovate. Administration must prepare solutions for the future bearing the social conscience in mind. Interdisciplinary or pluridisciplinary research, Administrative Science or sciences? If no agreement was reached as to the nature of administrative research, the debates evidenced a common will to cooperate; the participants insisted on the need of establishing interdisciplinary or pluridisciplinary research, to be carried out by international teams or several national teams on a given subject. Lucette KHAIATde la recherche administrative, les débats ont témoigné d'une volonté commune de coopérer ; les participants ont tous insisté sur la nécessité de mettre sur pied des recherches interdisciplinaires — ou pluridisciplinaires — qui seraient effectuées par des équipes internationales ou par plusieurs équipes nationales sur un sujet commun. Lucette KHAIATTimsit Gérard, Braibant Guy, Dupuis Georges, Nizard Lucien, Sfez Lucien, De Baecque Francis, Tikhomirov Jurij A., Drago Roland, Eisenmann Charles, Zaleski Eugène, Stjepanovic Nikola, Borkowski Janusz, Kostadinov M. G., Kovacs Istvan, Mond Georges H., Loschak Danièle, Molitor André, Starosciak Jerzy. Discussion. Première journée. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 6, 1975, n°3. La recherche administrative en Europe. pp. 57-130