19 research outputs found

    Non-target screening with high-resolution mass spectrometry: critical review using a collaborative trial on water analysis

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    In this article, a dataset from a collaborative nontarget screening trial organised by the NORMAN Association is used to review the state-of-the-art and discuss future perspectives of non-target screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry in water analysis. A total of 18 institutes from 12 European countries analysed an extract of the same water sample collected from the River Danube with either one or both of liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection. This article focuses mainly on the use of high resolution screening techniques with target, suspect, and non-target workflows to identify substances in environmental samples. Specific examples are given to emphasise major challenges including isobaric and co-eluting substances, dependence on target and suspect lists, formula assignment, the use of retention information, and the confidence of identification. Approaches and methods applicable to unit resolution data are also discussed. Although most substances were identified using high resolution data with target and suspect-screening approaches, some participants proposed tentative non-target identifications. This comprehensive dataset revealed that nontarget analytical techniques are already substantially harmonised between the participants, but the data processing remains time-consuming. Although the objective of a Bfullyautomated identification workflow^ remains elusive in the short term, important steps in this direction have been taken, exemplified by the growing popularity of suspect screening approaches. Major recommendations to improve non-target screening include better integration and connection of desired features into software packages, the exchange of target and suspect lists, and the contribution of more spectra from standard substances into (openly accessible) databases.This work was supported in part by the SOLUTIONS project, which received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under Grant Agreement No. 603437

    Multiresidue analysis of atrazine, diuron and their degradation products in sewage sludge by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

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    International audienceA multiresidue method has been developed to analyze atrazine (ATZ), diuron (DIU), and their major degradation products, desethylatrazine (DEA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), and dichlorophenylmethylurea in sewage sludge. Liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS–MS) allowed, in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode, the simultaneous analysis of these pesticides in only one run after their extraction with ethyl acetate–dichloromethane 90:10 (v/v) and a cleanup on a Florisil column. Stable isotopically labeled ATZ and DIU were used as internal standards to overcome matrix effects during the pesticide quantification. Using fortified samples, the method gave rise to 86–115% as mean recovery values depending on the analyte. Limits of detection (LODs) and of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 0.3 (DIA) to 1.5 (DEA) ÎŒg kg−1 dw and from 0.4 (DIA) to 2.0 (DEA) ÎŒg kg−1 dw, respectively, were sufficient to achieve the monitoring of these molecules in sludge from wastewater treatment plants of the Ile-de-France region

    Glyphosate and AMPA analysis in sewage sludge by LC-ESI-MS/MS after FMOC derivatization on strong anion-exchange resin as solid support

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    International audienceAn innovative analytical method has been developed for the determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), its major metabolite, in sewage sludge. This method involved an alkaline extraction from sludge and purification on a strong anion-exchange resin. While the analytes remained fixed by ionic interactions, an "on-solid support" derivatization by FMOC-Cl was carried out. This versatile approach allowed a 10 min reaction and simple elimination of the excess of reagent. The resulting derivatives remained retained by ionic and hydrophobic interactions with the resin until being eluted by a mixed NaCl water/acetonitrile, 70/30, v/v, solution. After an appropriate dilution and adjustment of the pH, the sample was concentrated on an Oasis HLB solid-phase cartridge. For quality analysis of traces in complex matrixes, LC-ESI-MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring positive mode was used fulfilling the European Union requirements (Decision 2002/657/CE). To overcome the matrix effects, stable isotopically labeled standards were added to the sludge extracts as internal standards and were thus derivatized during the procedure in parallel to the analytes. Mean recovery values were 70% +/- 7% for glyphosate and 63% +/- 3% for AMPA. Limits of detection (20 and 30 ppb dw) and limits of quantification (35 and 50 ppb dw) for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively, were sufficient to monitor samples taken from Ile-de-France wastewater treatment plants where contamination currently reached 0.1-3 ppm and 2-35 ppm dw for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively

    Trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides and their metabolites in water combining off-line or on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

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    International audienceTwo alternatives for the rapid simultaneous quantification of six sulfonylurea herbicides and five of their main degradation products in natural water are proposed. For concentration, the compounds were extracted on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene solid phase under pH and elution conditions that suppressed any hydrolysis. The eluates were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry within 20 min. The whole method was validated and shown to give no hydrolysis artefacts. The application of off-line and on-line SPE of sulfonylureas enabled the 0.1 mu g L-1 and 1 ng L-1 LOQ levels to be reached, respectively. The on-line SPE-LC-MS-MS method allowed the accurate quantitation of all sulfonylureas and three degradation products at 0.1 mu g L-1 or below in natural water, with an average repeatability of 8%

    Photodégradation de micropolluants organiques sous rayonnement solaire en zone de rejet végétalisée de type bassin. Rapport final

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    [Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]TED [Relecteur_IRSTEA]Villemagne, E. ; Lagarrigue, C.Wastewater treatment plants usually remove a significant amount of micropollutants by volatilization, sorption and/or biodegradation. Nevertheless, secondary effluents still contain various pharmaceutical compounds and pesticides at very low concentrations up to few micrograms per liter. Most of these compounds are photoactive, either due to their chemical structure able to absorb UV irradiation, or due to a reaction with intermediates (metabolites) formed after reactions with organic matter and nitrates, under UV irradiation. This technical report deals with the transformation of organic micropollutants under sun light exposure in planted discharge area. We first remember the main mechanisms that drive photodegradation in surface water. Then, we present an innovative on-site experimental protocol to investigate the contribution of photodegradation process occurring in the water column of discharged planted areas. We studied 44 organic micropollutants (32 pharmaceuticals, 7 pesticides and 5 byproducts). Finally, we present the results drawn from 2 applications of the protocol in March and July 2015: the applied and transmitted light intensities, the efficient water depth, the contribution of each direct and indirect photolysis pathways, modelling.Les stations de traitement des eaux usĂ©es Ă©liminent une grande partie des micropolluants organiques par volatilisation, sorption et/ou biodĂ©gradation. NĂ©anmoins, les effluents traitĂ©s contiennent encore de nombreuses molĂ©cules pharmaceutiques et phytosanitaires Ă  des concentrations faibles, mais atteignant parfois quelques microgrammes par litre et ayant un impact sur l’environnement. Plusieurs de ces molĂ©cules sont photoactives en raison de leurs structures chimiques capables de se modifier sous l’action des rayons ultraviolets (photolyse directe). D’autres molĂ©cules sont attaquĂ©es par des intermĂ©diaires chimiques trĂšs rĂ©actifs produits Ă  partir de la matiĂšre organique, ou des nitrates, en prĂ©sence de rayons ultraviolets (photolyse indirecte). Ce rapport porte sur les processus de photodĂ©gradation de micropolluants organiques en prĂ©sence de lumiĂšre naturelle en zone de rejet vĂ©gĂ©talisĂ©e de type bassin. Les diffĂ©rents mĂ©canismes de photodĂ©gradation sont tout d’abord succinctement rappelĂ©s (Ă©lĂ©ments dĂ©taillĂ©s dans le rapport 2015 de synthĂšse bibliographique). Puis, nous dĂ©taillons la mĂ©thodologie de mesure des vitesses de photodĂ©gradation directe et indirecte, mise au point dans le cadre de ce travail, et appliquĂ©e en mars et juillet 2015. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© 44 micropolluants organiques (32 pharmaceutiques, 7 pesticides et 5 mĂ©tabolites). Les rĂ©sultats sont prĂ©sentĂ©s avec, d’une part, les conditions expĂ©rimentales (l’intensitĂ© lumineuse incidente et celle transmise dans l’eau, la hauteur d’eau efficace), et d’autre part, la contribution des voies directe et indirecte de la photodĂ©gradation Ă  l’élimination des micropolluants, et enfin la modĂ©lisation

    Herbicides and nonylphenol in sewage sludge: occurrence and ecotoxicological impacts

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    Herbicides and nonylphenol in sewage sludge: occurrence and ecotoxicological impacts. SETAC Europe 16th Annual Meetin

    Elimination de micropolluants prioritaires et Ă©mergents des eaux rĂ©siduaires urbaines par les biorĂ©acteurs Ă  membranes immergĂ©es (BRM). Rapport final de l’action 34

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    La technologie de traitement des eaux usĂ©es domestiques par biorĂ©acteurs Ă  membranes (BRM) immergĂ©es se dĂ©veloppe fortement en France pour Ă©quiper les stations de traitement des eaux usĂ©es domestiques. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude vise Ă  dĂ©terminer les avantages des BRM vis-Ă -vis de l’élimination des substances prioritaires et Ă©mergentes. Dans ce but, des campagnes d’échantillonnage ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es par temps sec sur trois installations Ă©quipĂ©es de biorĂ©acteurs Ă  membranes Ă  fibres creuses ou bien Ă  membranes planes. Des expĂ©rimentations en rĂ©acteur sĂ©parĂ© (boues dopĂ©es en micropolluants placĂ©es en conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es) ont permis de prĂ©ciser les processus de sorption et de biodĂ©gradation des micropolluants, en vue d’une modĂ©lisation de l’élimination. Au total, 24 mĂ©taux et 66 substances organiques ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s (hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, alkylphĂ©nols, pesticides, substances pharmaceutiques et hormones) par des mĂ©thodes analytiques robustes et sensibles. Les rendements de la file Eau ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s pour 61 micropolluants : 43 micropolluants ont Ă©tĂ© bien Ă  trĂšs bien Ă©liminĂ©s de l'eau (> 70%, voire > 90%), dont le cuivre, le plomb, le chrome, le nickel, le zinc, ainsi que plusieurs HAP, alkylphĂ©nols, mĂ©dicaments et hormones, soit par piĂ©geage des matiĂšres en suspension et transfert dans les boues, soit par biodĂ©gradation. 26 micropolluants ont Ă©tĂ© partiellement Ă  faiblement Ă©liminĂ©s (< 70%, voire < 30%), dont l’arsenic et le cadmium, ainsi que plusieurs micropolluants organiques y compris 7 mĂ©dicaments (propranolol, sotalol, roxithromycine, sulfamĂ©thoxazole), fluoxĂ©tine, diclofĂ©nac, carbamazĂ©pine) et le diuron. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude dĂ©montre que les BRM induisent une Ă©limination supplĂ©mentaire pour 22 micropolluants par rapport aux procĂ©dĂ©s conventionnels comme les boues activĂ©es aĂ©ration prolongĂ©e, mais ce gain d’élimination est faible (< 20%). Ce gain concerne certains des micropolluants gĂ©nĂ©ralement adsorbĂ©s aux matiĂšres en suspension (ex. certains mĂ©taux ou HAP), et quelques mĂ©dicaments (i.e., sotalol, roxithromycine, propranolol, timolol). Pour 38 autres micropolluants (en particulier pour les hormones, les dĂ©tergents et la majoritĂ© des pharmaceutiques d’origine domestique notamment le diclofĂ©nac), les performances d'Ă©limination par les BRM sont similaires Ă  celles des boues activĂ©es aĂ©ration prolongĂ©e fonctionnant Ă  charges massiques appliquĂ©es Ă©quivalentes (sous-chargĂ©es). Un modĂšle cinĂ©tique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©, et simule correctement les concentrations de 51 micropolluants dans les rejets de BRM. Nous estimons qu’une faible augmentation du rendement serait possible (jusqu’à 15 unitĂ©s supplĂ©mentaires) pour 6 micropolluants seulement, ceci en augmentant la concentration en matiĂšres en suspension dans les BRM. Pour diminuer les concentrations des micropolluants les plus rĂ©fractaires (non adsorbables et/ou non biodĂ©gradables) dans les rejets, les actions de rĂ©duction Ă  la source ou la mise en place de traitement complĂ©mentaire sont donc indispensables, mĂȘme pour les STEU Ă©quipĂ©es de BRM
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