IN SILICO INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM VARIOUS PLANTS AGAINST NEUROINFLAMMATORY MARKERS AS POTENT THERAPEUTIC TARGETS

Abstract Objective: Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the brain and brain tissue. Activation of glial cells (Microgila and astrocytes) takes place during neuroinflammation, due to which a number of inflammatory mediator release in the brain. The objective of the current study is to investigate the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of the phytoconstituents against various inflammatory mediators.Methods: The preliminary screening of plants was done by Lipinski's rule of five. Inflammatory mediators (COX-1, COX-2, TNF-a, IL-1b, iNOS and   nNOS) protein sequence was retrieved from STRING database and modeling of it through SWISS MODEL. And ligands ID was retrieved from ZINC database and its MOL2 format was downloaded for further processing. Docking study of phytoconstituents with ligands were performed by iGEMDOCK. By using ADMET, Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties were predicted.Results: Sissotrin out of the various phytocomponents is the most active component having high binding affinity with all the genes.Conclusion: Sissotrin may be a good inhibitor for neuroinflammatory disorders

Investigation of phytochemical composition, evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial activities and toxicity study of Emblica officinalis and Terminalia bellirica fruits

The present study deals with exploration of various beneficial potential of Emblica officinalis and Terminalia bellirica fruit extracts which includes phytochemical analysis and evaluation of total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC) and antimicrobial activity. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was examined using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), TPC and TFC assay. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated by agar well diffusion assay. Although, the extracts prevented the growth of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The EOA and EOM extracts both exhibit tannins, saponins, phenols and carbohydrates whereas, alkaloids and flavonoids are found only in EOM, and glycosides showed their presence in aqueous extract only. In contrast, TBA and TBM extracts, both contains alkaloids, tannins, coumarins, flavonoids and phenols. While carbohydrates are present barely in TBM, and TBA extract showed the presence of saponins and glycosides. The TPC results show that EOM (528±.013) has highest phenolic content in it followed by EOA (509±.003), TBM (284±.06) and TBA (280±.036). In TFC analysis too EOM (154±0) showed a higher concentration range of flavonoids followed by EOA (142±0),TBM (126±.017)  and TBA (119±.007). In DPPH scavenging assay EOM (86.88±.310) showed maximum % inhibition followed by EOA (85.32±.414), TBM (80.57±.569) and TBA (75.55±.362) respectively. Antibacterial assay showed varying results for different bacterial strains such as, for EOA (10±1)  demonstrated  highest inhibition against E. coli, EOM (11.5±0.5) exhibited maximum inhibition against S. aureus, for K. pneumoniae EOA (13±2) displayed maximum inhibition and in case P. aeruginosa too EOA (12.5±0.5) showed maximum inhibition while TBM and TBA too showed significant amount of inhibition against test bacterial strains. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the extracts were found to be positively associated with the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts. This study was conducted to identify the phytochemical composition of the fruit extracts of the two plants, their antioxidant and antibacterial potential, alongwith their neuroprotective and nootropic role. In order to establish their neuroprotective role, acute toxicity study was conducted on wistar rats to establish the safety of the extracts. The current study demonstrates and compares the antioxidant, antibacterial activities of the fruit extracts of Terminalia bellirica and Emblica officinalis and acute toxicity study further demonstrates that the extracts used are safe to conduct neuroprotective studies. Keywords: TPC(Total phenolic content), TFC(Total flavonoids content), EOM (Emblica officinalis Methanolic fruit extract), EOA(Emblica officinalis aqueous fruit extract) TBM (Terminalia bellirica Methanolic fruit extract) and TBA (Terminalia bellirica aqueous fruit extract)

Screening of phytoconstituents and antibacterial activity of leaves and bark of Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus from Uttarakhand Himalaya

Abstract Background Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus (QL) belongs to the family Fagaceae, commonly known as Banj oak in the Garhwal region of Himalaya, where it is the principal source of fuel, fodder, and medicine. Methods In the present study, GC-MS analysis has been performed for profiling the chemical composition of methanolic extracts of leaves and bark of QL. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by using the disk diffusion method against five bacterial strains. Results Total 23 components in bark and 62 components in leaves extracts of QL were identified. The major components identified in the bark extracts were Linoleic acid (19.77%), Lupeol (17.91%), Epi-psi-Taraxastanonol (14.20), and cis-Vaccenic acid (13.10%), while others were present in relatively small amounts. For the leaves extract, the major components were Linoleic acid (17.09%), Simiarene (15.29%), Flavone 4′-oh, 5-oh,7-di-o-glucoside (15.26%), and D-Quinic acid (9.29%), respectively. As far as antibacterial assays are concerned, it was observed that both the extracts are active against most of the tested bacterial strains with the zone of inhibition ranging between 8.53 ± 0.50 to 19.07 ± 0.31 mm, respectively. Conclusion The GC-MS results revealed the presence of several phytochemical compounds in leaves and bark of QL extract and are recommended as a plant of pharmaceutical importance. The antibacterial analysis showed that both the extracts (leaves and bark) of QL have antibacterial activity against all gram positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis and S. pyogenes) and gram negative (E. coli, P. aeruginosa) bacterial strains

Sustainable Multi-Author Writing Style Analysis for Identifying Stylistic Differences Between Authors

Natural language processing (NLP) is a sustainable subfield of Artificial Intelligence that focuses on the interaction between computers and humans through natural language. NLP algorithms enable computers to comprehensively understand, interpret, and generate human language, thus facilitating the sustainable analysis and comprehension of vast amounts of textual data. Within the context of sustainable style change detection, NLP algorithms play a pivotal role in analyzing multi-author documents and identifying the points at which authors transition. This sustainable step is critical in authorship recognition as it furnishes a more precise comprehension of which sections were authored by different individuals. A multi-author document’s writing style can evolve over time, and this sustainability can prove invaluable in fields such as forensics, journalism, and literary studies, among others.The sustainable goal of this project is to investigate various NLP methods for sustainable style change detection. By scrutinizing datasets and juxtaposing them with advanced methodologies in the existing literature, the effectiveness of these strategies will be ascertained. The overarching aim of our study is to foster the progress of both the field of NLP research and its sustainable practical applications

Neuroinflammatory Markers: Key Indicators in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neuroinflammation, a protective response of the central nervous system (CNS), is associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The CNS is composed of neurons and glial cells consisting of microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Entry of any foreign pathogen activates the glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and overactivation of these cells triggers the release of various neuroinflammatory markers (NMs), such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1β (IL-10), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), among others. Various studies have shown the role of neuroinflammatory markers in the occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These markers also trigger the formation of various other factors responsible for causing several neuronal diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemia, and several others. This comprehensive review aims to reveal the mechanism of neuroinflammatory markers (NMs), which could cause different neurodegenerative disorders. Important NMs may represent pathophysiologic processes leading to the generation of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, various molecular alterations related to neurodegenerative diseases are discussed. Identifying these NMs may assist in the early diagnosis and detection of therapeutic targets for treating various neurodegenerative diseases