Resistência a inseticidas piretróides em populações de Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: curculionidae) coletadas em unidades armazenadoras de arroz no Estado do Tocantins.

O Estado do Tocantins tem um grande potencial agrícola, com extensas áreas propícias à prática da agricultura e, vem se destacando no cenário nacional como grande produtor de grãos, principalmente arroz, segunda cultura em área plantada, encontrando-se já instalados grandes complexos de armazenagem e beneficiamento. Nas unidades armazenadoras tocantinenses o uso de inseticidas para o controle preventivo ou curativo de insetos-praga é uma prática comum, o que levanta a suspeita das populações já terem desenvolvido resistência aos inseticidas usados em seu controle. Nesse contexto, informações sobre resistência a inseticidas para esta espécie são necessárias e úteis para implementação de programas de manejo de resistência a inseticidas

Non-target impact of deltamethrin on soil arthropods of maize fields under conventional and no-tillage cultivation.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-07T00:57:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ID289721.pdf: 599905 bytes, checksum: f4f933087cb9be879076b2f3b33b6c0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-3

BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CASSAVA RESISTANCE TO WHITEFLY INFESTATION

Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) an important food security crop, is inflicted by whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) worldwide, causing direct damage of up to 80% of yield loss. Although resistance to the pest has been associated with antibiosis, changes that occur in metabolite activity, and their effect on the pest have not been fully elucidated. A study was carried out to evaluate changes in peroxidase, tannin and flavonoid activity in cassava genotypes attacked by B. tabaci in order to contribute to knowledge on whitefly resistance in cassava. Five genotypes showing resistance, and three susceptible, were selected based on whitefly count and leaf damage scores, and assayed for peroxidase, tannin and flavonoid activity. There were significant differences among genotypes for leaf damage (P < 0.01) of three to six months plants. Genotypes CS1-144, UG 120133 and NAM 130 showed low damage scores (< 2.00); but a high damage score (> 2.5) was incurred by UG 130068. All genotypes showed significant (P < 0.05) differences for peroxidase activity, with CS1-144 having a high activity rate three months after planting. The lowest activity was observed in UG 120170, a susceptible genotype. A significant (P < 0.01) negative correlation (r = -0.84) was observed between peroxidase activity and cassava leaf damage scores, as well as between tannin and damage (r = -0.57), indicating that peroxidase and tannin play a part in cassava resistance to B. tabaci.Le manioc ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) qui est une importante culture de s\ue9curit\ue9 alimentaire, est influenc\ue9e par la mouche blanche ( Bemisia tabaci ) sur le plan mondial, \ue0 travers des dommages directs allant jusqu\u2019\ue0 80% de perte du rendement. Par ailleurs, la r\ue9sistance \ue0 la peste a \ue9t\ue9 associ\ue9e \ue0 l\u2019antibiose, des changements qui apparaissent dans l\u2019activit\ue9 m\ue9tabolique, et leur effet sur la peste n\u2019ont pas encore \ue9t\ue9 compl\ue8tement \ue9lucid\ue9s. Une \ue9tude a \ue9t\ue9 entreprise pour \ue9valuer les changements d\u2019activit\ue9 en peroxydase, tannin et flavono\uefde dans les g\ue9notypes du manioc attaqu\ue9s par B. tabaci dans le but de contribuer au savoir sur la r\ue9sistance du\ua0manioc. Cinq g\ue9notypes, montrant r\ue9sistance, et trois susceptibles, \ue9taient s\ue9lectionn\ue9s sur la base du nombre de la mouche blanche et les sores de dommages et analys\ue9s pour l\u2019activit\ue9 en peroxydase, tannin and flavono\uefdes. Il y avait de diff\ue9rences significatives entre les g\ue9notypes pour les dommages caus\ue9s sur les feuilles (P< 0,01) des plantes de trois \ue0 six mois. Les g\ue9notypes CS1-144, UG 120133 et NAM 130 ont montr\ue9 de faibles scores de dommage (< 2,00); mais un score \ue9lev\ue9 de dommage (> 2,5) \ue9tait re\ue7u par UG 130068. Tous les g\ue9notypes ont montr\ue9 de diff\ue9rences significatives (P < 0,05) pour l\u2019activit\ue9 de peroxydase, avec CS1-144 ayant un taux d\u2019activit\ue9 \ue9lev\ue9 trois mois apr\ue8s la plantation. La faible activit\ue9 \ue9tait observ\ue9e sur UG 120170, un g\ue9notype susceptible. Une corr\ue9lation significative (P < 0,01) et n\ue9gative (r = -0,84) \ue9tait observ\ue9e entre l\u2019activit\ue9 de peroxydase et les scores de dommages sur les feuilles de manioc, ainsi que entre tannin et dommage (r = -0,57), indiquant que peroxydase et tannin jouent une part de r\uf4le dans la r\ue9sistance du manioc au B. tabaci

Impact of the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on pneumonia in The Gambia: population-based surveillance and case-control studies.

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are used in many low-income countries but their impact on the incidence of pneumonia is unclear. The Gambia introduced PCV7 in August, 2009, and PCV13 in May, 2011. We aimed to measure the impact of the introduction of these vaccines on pneumonia incidence. METHODS: We did population-based surveillance and case-control studies. The primary endpoint was WHO-defined radiological pneumonia with pulmonary consolidation. Population-based surveillance was for suspected pneumonia in children aged 2-59 months (minimum age 3 months in the case-control study) between May 12, 2008, and Dec 31, 2015. Surveillance for the impact study was limited to the Basse Health and Demographic Surveillance System (BHDSS), whereas surveillance for the case-control study included both the BHDSS and Fuladu West Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Nurses screened all outpatients and inpatients at all health facilities in the surveillance area using standardised criteria for referral to clinicians in Basse and Bansang. These clinicians recorded clinical findings and applied standardised criteria to identify patients with suspected pneumonia. We compared the incidence of pneumonia during the baseline period (May 12, 2008, to May 11, 2010) and the PCV13 period (Jan 1, 2014, to Dec 31, 2015). We also investigated the effectiveness of PCV13 using case-control methods between Sept 12, 2011, and Sept 31, 2014. Controls were aged 90 days or older, and were eligible to have received at least one dose of PCV13; cases had the same eligibility criteria with the addition of having WHO-defined radiological pneumonia. FINDINGS: We investigated 18 833 children with clinical pneumonia and identified 2156 cases of radiological pneumonia. Among children aged 2-11 months, the incidence of radiological pneumonia fell from 21·0 cases per 1000 person-years in the baseline period to 16·2 cases per 1000 person-years (23% decline, 95% CI 7-36) in 2014-15. In the 12-23 month age group, radiological pneumonia decreased from 15·3 to 10·9 cases per 1000 person-years (29% decline, 12-42). In children aged 2-4 years, incidence fell from 5·2 to 4·1 cases per 1000 person-years (22% decline, 1-39). Incidence of all clinical pneumonia increased by 4% (-1 to 8), but hospitalised cases declined by 8% (3-13). Pneumococcal pneumonia declined from 2·9 to 1·2 cases per 1000 person-years (58% decline, 22-77) in children aged 2-11 months and from 2·6 to 0·7 cases per 1000 person-years (75% decline, 47-88) in children aged 12-23 months. Hypoxic pneumonia fell from 13·1 to 5·7 cases per 1000 person-years (57% decline, 42-67) in children aged 2-11 months and from 6·8 to 1·9 cases per 1000 person-years (72% decline, 58-82) in children aged 12-23 months. In the case-control study, the best estimate of the effectiveness of three doses of PCV13 against radiological pneumonia was an adjusted odds ratio of 0·57 (0·30-1·08) in children aged 3-11 months and vaccine effectiveness increased with greater numbers of doses (p=0·026). The analysis in children aged 12 months and older was underpowered because there were few unvaccinated cases and controls. INTERPRETATION: The introduction of PCV in The Gambia was associated with a moderate impact on the incidence of radiological pneumonia, a small reduction in cases of hospitalised pneumonia, and substantial reductions of pneumococcal and hypoxic pneumonia in young children. Low-income countries that introduce PCV13 with reasonable coverage can expect modest reductions in hospitalised cases of pneumonia and a marked impact on the incidence of severe childhood pneumonia. FUNDING: GAVI's Pneumococcal vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and UK Medical Research Council

Population-based prevalence survey of follicular trachoma and trachomatous trichiasis in the Casamance region of Senegal.

BACKGROUND: Trachoma, caused by ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. We conducted the first population-based trachoma prevalence survey in the Casamance region of Senegal to enable the Senegalese National Eye Care Programme (NECP) to plan its trachoma control activities. The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines state that any individual with trachomatous trichiasis (TT) should be offered surgery, but that surgery should be prioritised where the prevalence is >0.1%, and that districts and communities with a trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF) prevalence of ≥10% in 1-9 year-olds should receive mass antibiotic treatment annually for a minimum of three years, along with hygiene promotion and environmental improvement, before re-assessing the prevalence to determine whether treatment can be discontinued (when TF prevalence in 1-9 year-olds falls 1% in all districts. CONCLUSION: With a prevalence <5%, TF does not appear to be a significant public health problem in this region. However, TF monitoring and surveillance at sub-district level will be required to ensure that elimination targets are sustained and that TF does not re-emerge as a public health problem. TT surgery remains the priority for trachoma elimination efforts in the region, with an estimated 1819 TT surgeries to conduct

The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study in The Gambia.

BACKGROUND: The Gambia, located in West Africa, is one of 7 country sites conducting the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study to establish incidence and consequence of Shigella-associated medically attended diarrhea among children 6-35 months old. METHODS: Here we describe the study site and research experience, sociodemographic characteristics of the study catchment area, facilities of recruitment for diarrhea case surveillance, and known care-seeking behavior for diarrheal illness. We also describe The Gambia's healthcare system and financing, current vaccine schedule and Shigella vaccine adaptation, local diarrhea management guidelines and challenges, and antibiotic resistance patterns in the region. CONCLUSIONS: The EFGH study in The Gambia will contribute to the multisite network of Shigella surveillance study and prepare the site for future vaccine trials. In addition, the data produced will inform policy makers about prevention strategies and upcoming Shigella vaccine studies among children in this setting

Feasibility of Onchocerciasis Elimination with Ivermectin Treatment in Endemic Foci in Africa: First Evidence from Studies in Mali and Senegal

The control of onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is based on annual or six-monthly ivermectin treatment of populations at risk. This has been effective in controlling the disease as a public health problem, but it is not known whether it can also eliminate infection and transmission to the extent that treatment can be safely stopped. Many doubt that this is feasible in Africa. A study was undertaken in three hyperendemic onchocerciasis foci in Mali and Senegal where treatment has been given for 15 to 17 years. The results showed that only few infections remained in the human population and that transmission levels were everywhere below postulated thresholds for elimination. Treatment was subsequently stopped in test areas in each focus, and follow-up evaluations did not detect any recrudescence of infection or transmission. Hence, the study has provided the first evidence that onchocerciasis elimination is feasible with ivermectin treatment in some endemic foci in Africa. Although further studies are needed to determine to what extent these findings can be extrapolated to other areas in Africa, the principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment has been established

The Effect of Surface Preparation on the Precipitation of Sigma During High Temperature Exposure of S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Springer under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Although the formation of sigma phase in duplex stainless steels is reasonably well documented, the effect of surface finish on its formation rate in surface regions has not been previously noted. The growth of the sigma phase precipitated in the subsurface region (to a maximum depth of 120 μm) has been quantified after heat treatment of S32205 duplex stainless steel at 1073 K (800˚C) and 1173 K (900˚C) after preparation to two surface finishes. Here, results are presented that show that there is a change in the rate of sigma phase formation in the surface region of the material, with a coarser surface finish leading to a greater depth of precipitation at a given time and temperature of heat treatment. The growth rate and morphology of the precipitated sigma has been examined and explored in conjunction with thermodynamic equilibrium phase calculations