832 research outputs found
Expedition under Lieutenant-Governor Collins in 1803-4
The Origin of the expedition and the voyage to Port Phillip. In former papers which I have had the honor to read
before the Royal Society, I have endeavoured to trace
the influence of French rivalry in hastening the English
settlement of Australia. I have shown that to the
pioneer work of French navigators we owe the first
admirable surveys of the southern coasts of Tasmania,
and that it was wholly due to the apprehensions that
those surveys excited that Governor King sent Lieut.
Bowen from Port Jackson to take possession of the
Derwent. I have also briefly touched on the explorations of our
own English sailors in the neighbourhood of the Derwent
and in Bass' Strait, and the influence of their reports in
deciding the choice of localities for new colonies, while I
have followed the misfortunes of the unlucky settlement
at Risdon, and described its collapse after a short and
troubled life of little more than half a year.
The real history of Tasmania as an English colony
begins with the departure from England, in the spring of
1803, of the expedition of Lieutenant-Governor Collins,
the founder of Hobart; and it is with the origin and
misadventures of that expedition on its way to the
Derwent that I have to deal in the present paper. The project of the English Government to found a
colony on the shores of Bass' Strait, and the unsuccessful
attempt of Governor Collins to plant that settlement at Port Phillip in 1803, may at first sight appear to
be beyond the scope of the history of Tasmania, and
to belong exclusively to that of Victoria. But Collins'
expedition has absolutely nothing to do with the history
of our Victorian neighbours. The sandhills of Port
Phillip merely served for a month or two as a resting
place for the colonists on their way to the Derwent.
The short stay of Collins' people on Victorian soil was
only an incident in their passage from England to Van
Diemen's Land, like their touching at Rio or the Cape;
and the story of those months is an essential part of the
history of the first settlers of Hobart
The deportation of the Norfolk Islanders to the Derwent in 1808
Our Government has
availed itself of Mr. Bonwick's special knowledge to secure
copies of the papers he has researched from the English State Record Office relating to the settlement and earliest
history of Tasmania. Of this period no contemporary records
have been preserved in our local archives ; our knowledge of
those early times has hitherto been derived merely from vague
and inaccurate tradition. The material supplied by Mr.
Bonwick
has enabled me to lay before the Royal Society
the first authentic story of the planting of Tasmania and of
the motives which led to it.
In former papers
we have seen how the occupation of our
island came about.
The next chapter in our colonial history to which I ask
your attention is Norfolk Island,
a small and solitary island,
separated from us by more than a thousand miles of ocean,
the fortunes of which have, nevertheless, been strangely interwoven
with those of our own colony.
It is most familiar to us as a
synonym for cruelty and crime, a reminiscence of the days when
the distant island formed a dependency and a part of the then
penal settlement of Van Diemen's Land. To the majority this,
which is within the memory of many still living amongst us,
is the only known link between our colony and it—perhaps
the only known fact respecting its earlier history. Comparatively
few are aware that—with the single exception of Sydney
—
Norfolk Island is the oldest English colony in the South
Seas. Perhaps still fewer know that to that same far-off island,
so familiar to us in later days under another aspect, Tasmania
was indebted for a large proportion of her earliest colonists.
To this historical fact the familiar names of New Norfolk in
the south, and Norfolk Plains in the north of this colony
remain a perpetual but unappreciated memorial.
The history of Norfolk Island and its early colonists thus
becomes an essential part of the history of Tasmania. The
history of its colonisation and settlement can be gathered from
scattered references in the works of Collins and other contemporary
writers, but Mr. Bonwick's researches in the
Record Office enable me to lay before the Royal Society the
first authentic story of the evacuation of the island and the
transference of all its free settlers to the Derwent in 1808
The English at the Derwent, and the Risdon settlement.
The choice of such an unsuitable place as Risdon for
the site of the first settlement has always been something
of a puzzle; in order to understand the circumstances
which led to this ill-advised selection, it will be necessary
to go back some years, and follow the history of English
discovery and exploration in the South of Tasmania.
Historical account of the settlement of Risdon Cove, includes hand drawn maps
Some notes on the tribal divisions of the aborigines of Tasmania
The estimates of the aboriginal population of Tasmania
before the advent of Europeans vary very
considerably. G. A. Robinson always maintained that,
in 1804, the number of the aborigines was from 6000 to
8000. Captain Kelly, in his evidence before Colonel
Arthur's Committee in 1830, estimated the native population
at 5000 ; but he supposed that the number was
still very great in the unsettled parts of the colony,
which we now know was not the case. On the other
hand, Backhouse put the number as low as 700 to 1000.
To sum up the result of our enquiry, we
find, ( 1 ) That the aboriginal population probably did not
exceed 2000 : (2) that there were four main groups of
tribes ; viz.
—
(a) South ; (b) West and North-West
;
(c) Central and East ; (d) North and North-East :
(3) that these groups were divided by strongly marked
differences of language : (4) that the Southern and
Western tribes were completely isolated from those on
the eastern side of the island, and that a similar separation
existed between the North and North-Eastern tribes
on the one hand, and those of the Centre and East on
the other : (5) that within the groups each tribe and
sub-tribe probably occupied a definite district which was
recognised as its special territory : (6) that the tribes
within each group, though generally leagued together,
were at times at feud with each other : (7) that in later
years, after the European occupation, the tribes—especially
those of the east and centre of the island—laid
aside their differences, and made common cause against
the white intruders
The Tasmanian aborigines
To anthropologists the aborigines of Tasmania presented
an exceedingly interesting object of study. Professor
Tylor had remarked that in the tribes of Tasmania,
only just extinct, we had men whose condition had
changed but little since the early Stone Age, and whose
life gave us some idea of the earliest prehistoric tribes of
the old world, the Drift and Cave men of Europe. It
is therefore much to be regretted that so little information
remains respecting the Tasmanians in their wild
state.
G. A. Robinson was probably the only man who
thoroughly understood the aborigines. He could have
supplied valuable information as to their tribal usages
and ways of thinking, yet, so far as I know, he has not
left behind him even the briefest account of the people
for whom he ran such risks, though there are still preserved
in the Chief Secretary's office very voluminous
reports of his expeditions.
Mr. Bonwick's two
books "The Last of the Tasmanians" and "The Daily
life of the Tasmanians," deserve more than a passing
mention. In these two works the author has collected a
great mass of information respecting the history and
customs of the aborigines.
When, therefore, in 1890, Sir. H. Ling Roth published
his work, "The Aborigines of Tasmania," he did no
inconsiderable service to anthropology. The work is faithfully and
conscientiously done, and the book is in every respect an
admirable one. It throws a new light on the aborigines
and adds largely to our knowledge of them, enabling us
to fix more accurately than has hitherto been possible,
their place in the scale of humanity
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