Boy Scouts of America: Training Leaders for Tomorrow

The Boy Scouts is an organization long known for making a positive impact on America’s youth. The definitive answer to what that impact is, in terms of leadership development, has been studied for years. This capstone has built on past work and investigated how the Scouts train youth to become successful leaders. A definition of what comprises leadership success in today’s diverse and multi-generational labor force is first examined. An exploration into the training that Scouts receive and how this knowledge relates to the practice of successful leadership is developed. The results indicate that Scouts, through transformational and servant leadership, and the overall Scouting experience, do train and prepare America’s youth for tomorrow’s leadership challenges. In light of recent membership decline, it is intended that the results of this investigation may raise awareness of the benefits that the Scouts offer to our youth and our future leadership

Dissolved organic carbon in modeling oceanic new production

The flux of organic carbon associated with new production has been modeled by advection of dissolved organic carbon in addition to falling particulate organic carbon, in a carbon cycle model that is based on an oceanic general circulation model. Model predictions of chemical species involved in the carbon cycle are compared with observations. Relative to a model in which new production is carried only by falling particulate organic carbon, there is significantly better agreement between predicted and observed oceanic phosphate and oxygen concentrations if a large part of the new production flux is carried by dissolved organic carbon. copyright 1991 by the American Geophysical Union

The C-13 Suess effect in the world surface oceans and its implications for oceanic uptake of CO2:Analysis of observations at Bermuda

Surface ocean water delta(13)C measurements near Bermuda are examined in an attempt to find the annual decrease caused by the addition of anthropogenic CO2 to the atmosphere. We refer to this trend as the surface ocean C-13 Suess effect. Interannual variability, which may be related to the El Nino - Southern Oscillation in the Atlantic Ocean, is apparent. We try to correct the data for this variability so as to better determine the trend. The trend has implications for the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans. We employ a three-dimensional model of ocean chemistry to relate the trend at Bermuda to the average ocean trend, then use the average ocean trend to estimate the vertical diffusivity K in a one-dimensional ocean model, and finally use this model to calculate the oceanic uptake of CO2. Uncertainties associated with the estimation of the Suess effect at Bermuda and in the analysis procedure preclude a firm estimate of the oceanic uptake of CO2. Results are, in general, consistent with the low side of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Control estimation of 2.0 +/- 0.8 GtC yr(-1). With a longer record at Bermuda and delta(13)C observations at additional locations, we believe this approach will lead to a useful estimate of oceanic uptake

A statistical gap-filling method to interpolate global monthly surface ocean carbon dioxide data

We have developed a statistical gap-filling method adapted to the specific coverage and prop-erties of observed fugacity of surface ocean CO2(fCO2). We have used this method to interpolate the Sur-face Ocean CO2Atlas (SOCAT) v2 database on a 2.5832.58 global grid (south of 708N) for 1985–2011 atmonthly resolution. The method combines a spatial interpolation based on a ‘‘radius of influence’’ to deter-mine nearby similar fCO2values with temporal harmonic and cubic spline curve-fitting, and also fits long-term trends and seasonal cycles. Interannual variability is established using deviations of observations fromthe fitted trends and seasonal cycles. An uncertainty is computed for all interpolated values based on thespatial and temporal range of the interpolation. Tests of the method using model data show that it performsas well as or better than previous regional interpolation methods, but in addition it provides a near-globaland interannual coverage