101 research outputs found

    Preparation and use of maize tassels’ activated carbon for the adsorption of phenolic compounds in environmental waste water samples

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    The determination and remediation of three phenolic compounds bisphenol A (BPA), ortho-nitrophenol (o-NTP), parachlorophenol (PCP) in wastewater is reported. The analysis of these molecules in wastewater was done using gas chromatography (GC) × GC time-of-flight mass spectrometry while activated carbon derived from maize tassel was used as an adsorbent. During the experimental procedures, the effect of various parameters such as initial concentration, pH of sample solution, eluent volume, and sample volume on the removal efficiency with respect to the three phenolic compounds was studied. The results showed that maize tassel produced activated carbon (MTAC) cartridge packed solid-phase extraction (SPE) system was able to remove the phenolic compounds effectively (90.84–98.49 %, 80.75–97.11 %, and 78.27–97.08 % for BPA, o-NTP, and PCP, respectively) . The MTAC cartridge packed SPE sorbent performance was compared to commercially produced C18 SPE cartridges and found to be comparable. All the parameters investigated were found to have a notable influence on the adsorption efficiency of the phenolic compounds from wastewaters at different magnitudes

    Indexes of tobacco smoke contribution to environmental particulates based on molecular fingerprints of alkanes - Indici del contributo del fumo di tabacco ai particolati ambientali basati sull’impronta molecolare degli alcani

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    Il fumo di tabacco (TS) è la sorgente di molte specie tossiche che contaminano in modo ubiquitario l’aria e impattano sulla salute anche dei non fumatori. In ragione di ciò le proprietà chimiche, fisiche e tossicologiche degli esausti (sia i vapori, sia i fumi direttamente aspirati, dispersi nell’intorno e nell’intero ambiente) sono stati estesamente studiati. Oltre a una manciata di macro-componenti della combustione (CO, catrame, polveri fini e ultrafini, NO, NO2), nei fumi sono state identificati moltissimi micro-componenti organici. Alcuni di questi, come specie individuali o gruppi, si presentano come “impronte molecolari” sufficientemente tipiche per fungere da potenziali marker chimici del TS. Tuttavia, se si eccettua la nicotellina [1] tuttora non è stato definito alcun indice adatto a produrre (semi)quantitative stime del contributo del TS all’inquinamento ambientale, p.es. la percentuale del TS presente nelle polveri sospese atmosferiche e nelle deposizioni, in termini di massa totale o della sua componente organica. Tra i costituenti del TS, gli alcani lineari (normali) a catena lunga (C29-C34) e i corrispondenti isomeri iso- e anteiso- presentano peculiari distribuzioni percentuali e impronte molecolari[2]. Inoltre, grazie alla loro scarsa volatilità e buona persistenza in aria, la determinazione di questi composti è meno soggetta ad artifact rispetto ai nicotinoidi e ai vapori organici. Il presente contributo descrive i risultati di una ampia indagine condotta sulla frazione lipidica non polare di polveri sospese e di deposizione raccolte in ambienti indoor e outdoor. Tra i parametri potenzialmente atti a descrivere la distribuzione degli alcani C29-C34 nel TS, ne sono stati scelti i tre più promettenti e attraverso la media dei loro valori è stato definito un indice cumulativo (TSI%) per la stima della percentuale del TS presente nelle polveri. Inoltre, l’eccesso di n-C31 rispetto alla media di n-C29 e n-C33, anch’esso tipico del TS, è stato identificato come ulteriore indice; la correlazione tra i due indici risultava significativa nel caso delle polveri sospese (soprattutto indoor), ma non per le deposizioni. In base alla composizione delle serie di campioni ambientali analizzate, il TS risultava contaminare anche aree rurali. Nelle abitazioni di non fumatori il TS costituiva fino al 2.1% della massa totale delle polveri sospese carboniose e fino allo 0.43% delle deposizioni. Il TSI% risulta adatto alla stima del contributo del fumo di tabacco alle polveri in ambienti interni preclusi al fumo e all’aria esterna, mentre in locali altamente inquinati (stanze per fumatori) altri marker molecolari (p.es. la nicotina e la cotinina) sono presumibilmente più attendibili. [1] N.J. Aquilina, C.M. Havel, P. Cheung, R.M. Harrison, K.F. Ho, N.L. Benowitz, P. Jacob III, Environ. Int., 2021, 150, 106417. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106417. [2] I.G. Kavouras, N. Stratigakis, E.G. Stephanou, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, 32, 1369-1377. DOI: 2481/10.1021/es970634eTobacco smoking is the source of a number of toxicants globally affecting the air and posing a concern also for no smokers. Hence, chemical, physical and toxicological features of exhausts (i.e., vapours as well as mainstream, sidestream and third hand smoke) have been extensively investigated. Apart from a handful of macro-components of combustion (e.g., CO, tar, fine and ultrafine particles, nitrogen oxides), some hundreds of organic substances have been identified in smoke. Some of these chemicals, individually or as groups, give raise to peculiar molecular fingerprints and look potentially suitable to act as “chemical signature” of tobacco smoke (TS). Nevertheless, except for nicotelline [1] no indexes have been identified until now as suitable to draw (semi)quantitative estimates of the contribution of TS to environmental pollution, e.g. the TS percentage in particulate matters (carbonaceous aerosol and settled dust), nor in the respective organic fractions. Among TS costituents, long-chain normal-, iso- and anteiso- alkanes (C29-C34) show special percent distributions and molecular signatures [2]. Besides, thanks to low volatility and high persistence in the atmosphere, the evaluation of these chemicals is less prone to artifacts than nicotinoids and organic vapours. This contribution describes the results of an extensive investigation conducted on non-polar lipid fraction of particulates collected in interiors and outdoors. Among various potential parameters associated to long-chain alkane fingerprints, the three most promising ones were selected and finally a cumulative index (TSI) was defined through averaging them, suitable to estimate the TS percentage in organic particulates. Besides, the exceedance of normal C31 alkane with respect to average of n-C29 and n-C33 homologues was identified as a further index, and the two indexes were plotted vs. each other, revealing a link in the case of airborne particulates but not of dusts. According to back analysis carried out on several sets of particulates, TS seemed to affect even rural areas, while inside non smokers’ homes the contributions of TS to PM could account for up to ca. 2.1% and 0.43%, respectively, in airborne particulates and dusts. The TSI% index seemed to run well in interiors forbidden to smoking and at open air, whereas other molecular markers, e.g. nicotine and cotinine, are expected to work better in very polluted locations (e.g. smoking rooms). [1] N.J. Aquilina, C.M. Havel, P. Cheung, R.M. Harrison, K.F. Ho, N.L. Benowitz, P. Jacob III, Environ. Int., 2021, 150, 106417. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106417. [2] I.G. Kavouras, N. Stratigakis, E.G. Stephanou, Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, 32, 1369-1377. DOI: 2481/10.1021/es97063
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