Volume I. Introduction to DUNE

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE\u27s physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), far detector technical design report, volume III: DUNE far detector technical coordination

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume III of this TDR describes how the activities required to design, construct, fabricate, install, and commission the DUNE far detector modules are organized and managed. This volume details the organizational structures that will carry out and/or oversee the planned far detector activities safely, successfully, on time, and on budget. It presents overviews of the facilities, supporting infrastructure, and detectors for context, and it outlines the project-related functions and methodologies used by the DUNE technical coordination organization, focusing on the areas of integration engineering, technical reviews, quality assurance and control, and safety oversight. Because of its more advanced stage of development, functional examples presented in this volume focus primarily on the single-phase (SP) detector module

Application Of Nanocrystalline Anatase Tio2 Thin Films Supported On Glass In Heterogeneous Photocatalysis

The present work reports the results from the photocatalytic decomposition of gelatine factories wastewater by using anatase TiO2 particles prepared onto surface of glass materials. An experimental method adapted from emulsion templating approach associated with sol-gel process was employed to prepare and for fixing the catalyst. The resulting material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and X-Ray fluorescence. The developed material was applied in gelatine factories wastewater remediation by photocatalytic process assisted by TiO 2 and UV irradiation. The efficiency for substrate mineralization was analysed by the total organic carbon (TOC) reduction in the effluent. Experiments were conducted in a cylindrical Pyrex reactor of 250 mL capacity. A 125 w Phillips medium pressure mercury lamp was used as light source (113.4 Jm2 s-1). The toxicity assay was evaluated and the TOC reduction reached values around 90%.15071513Moraes, S.G., Freire, R.S., Durán, N., Degradation and toxicity reduction of textile effluent by combined photocatalytic and ozonation processes (2000) Chemosphere, 40, pp. 369-373Yu, J.C., Zhang, L., Zheng, Z., Zhao, J., Syntesis and characterization of phosphated mesoporous titanium dioxide with high photocatalytic activity (2003) Chem. Mater., 15, pp. 2580-12286Ameta, S.C., Chaudhary, R., Ameta, R., Vardia, J., Photocatalysis: A promising technology for wastewater treatment (2003) J. Indian Chem. Soc., 80, pp. 257-265Ma, Y., Yao, J.-N., Photodegradation of rhodamine B catalyzed by TiO2 thin films (1998) J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 116, pp. 167-170Arabatzis, I.M., Stergiopoulos, T., Bernard, M.C., Labou, D., Neophytides, S.G., Falaras, P., Silver-modified titanium dioxide thin films for efficient photodegradation of methyl orange (2003) Appl. Cat B: Environ., 42, pp. 187-201Naskar, S., Pillay, S.A., Chanda, M., Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution with TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized on foamed polyethylene sheet (1998) J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 113, pp. 257-264Lee, J.H., Kang, M., Choung, S.-J., Ogino, K., Miyata, S., Kim, M.-S., Park, J.-Y., Kim, J.-B., The preparation of TiO2 nanometer photocatalyst film by a hydrothermal method and its sterilization performance for Giardia lamblia (2004) Wat. Res., 38, pp. 713-719(1987) International Organization for Standarization. Guidelines for Determination of Total Organic Carbon, , (TOC). ISO-8245Reginatto, V., (1998) Avaliação Do Ensaio de Toxicidade Com A Alga Scenedesmus Subspicatus Para O Estudo de Efluentes Industriais, pp. 105f. , Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) -Instituto de Química - Universidade Estadual de Campina