The Distance and Age of the SNR Kes 73 and AXP 1E 1841-045

We provide a new distance estimate to the supernova remnant (SNR) Kes 73 and its associated anomalous X-ray pulsar (AXP) 1E 1841-045. 21 cm HI images and HI absorption/ emission spectra from new VLA observations, and 13CO emission spectra of Kes 73 and two adjacent compact HII regions (G27.276+0.148 and G27.491+0.189) are analyzed. The HI images show prominent absorption features associated with Kes 73 and the HII regions. The absorption appears up to the tangent point velocity giving a lower distance limit to Kes 73 of 7.5 kpc, which has previously been given as the upper limit. Also, G27.276+0.148 and G27.491+0.189 are at the far kinematic distances of their radio recombination line velocities. There is prominent HI emission in the range 80--90 km/s for all three objects. The two HII regions show HI absorption at ~ 84 km/s, but there is no absorption in the Kes 73 absorption spectrum. This implies an upper distance limit of ~ 9.8 kpc to Kes 73. This corrected larger distance to Kes 73/ AXP 1E 1841-045 system leads to a refined age of the SNR of 500 to 1000 yr, and a ~ 50% larger AXP X-ray luminosity.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, ApJ, dol:10.1086/"529120

Geometrical Considerations for the Design of Liquid-phase Biochemical Sensors Using a Cantilever\u27s Fundamental In-plane Mode

The influence of the beam geometry on the quality factor and resonance frequency of resonant silicon cantilever beams vibrating in their fundamental in-plane flexural mode in water has been investigated. Compared to cantilevers vibrating in their first out-of-plane flexural mode, utilizing the in-plane mode results in reduced damping and reduced mass loading by the surrounding fluid. Quality factors as high as 86 have been measured in water for cantilevers with a 20 μm thick silicon layer. Based on the experimental data, design guidelines are established for beam dimensions that ensure maximal Q-factors and minimal mass loading by the surrounding fluid, thus improving the limit-of-detection of mass-sensitive biochemical sensors. Elementary theory is also presented to help explain the observed trends. Additional discussion focuses on the tradeoffs that exist in designing liquid-phase biochemical sensors using in-plane cantilevers

Thermal Excitation and Piezoresistive Detection of Cantilever In-Plane Resonance Modes for Sensing Applications

Thermally excited and piezoresistively detected bulk-micromachined cantilevers vibrating in their in-plane flexural resonance mode are presented. By shearing the surrounding fluid rather than exerting normal stress on it, the in-plane mode cantilevers exhibit reduced added fluid mass effects and improved quality factors in a fluid environment. In this letter, different cantilever geometries with in-plane resonance frequencies from 50 kHz to 2.2 MHz have been tested, with quality factors as high as 4200 in air and 67 in water

A Precise Distance to IRAS 00420+5530 via H2O Maser Parallax with the VLBA

We have used the VLBA to measure the annual parallax of the H2O masers in the star-forming region IRAS 00420+5530. This measurement yields a direct distance estimate of 2.17 +/- 0.05 kpc (<3%), which disagrees substantially with the standard kinematic distance estimate of ~4.6 kpc (according to the rotation curve of Brand and Blitz 1993), as well as most of the broad range of distances (1.7-7.7 kpc) used in various astrophysical analyses in the literature. The 3-dimensional space velocity of IRAS 00420+5530 at this new, more accurate distance implies a substantial non-circular and anomalously slow Galactic orbit, consistent with similar observations of W3(OH) (Xu et al., 2006; Hachisuka et al. 2006), as well as line-of-sight velocity residuals in the rotation curve analysis of Brand and Blitz (1993). The Perseus spiral arm of the Galaxy is thus more than a factor of two closer than previously presumed, and exhibits motions substantially at odds with axisymmetric models of the rotating Galaxy.Comment: 33 pages, 12 figures; Accepted by ApJ (to appear March 2009

Geometrical Optimization of Resonant Cantilevers Vibrating in In-Plane Bending Modes

The influence of the beam geometry on the quality factor and resonance frequency of resonant silicon cantilever beams vibrating in their fundamental in-plane flexural mode has been investigated in air and water. Compared to cantilevers vibrating in their out-of-plane flexural mode, utilizing the in plane mode results in reduced damping and reduced mass loading by the surrounding fluid. Quality factors as high as 4,300 in air and 67 in water have been measured for cantilevers with a 12 μm thick silicon layer. This is in comparison to Q factors up to 1,500 in air and up to 20 in water for cantilevers vibrating in their fundamental out-of-plane bending mode. Based on the experimental data, design guidelines are established for beam dimensions that ensure maximal Q-factors and minimal mass loading by the surrounding fluid

An Analytical Model of a Thermally Excited Microcantilever Vibrating Laterally in a Viscous Fluid

To achieve higher quality factors (Q) for microcantilevers used in liquid-phase sensing applications, recent studies have explored the use of the lateral (in-plane) flexural mode. In particular, we have recently shown that this mode may be excited electrothermally using integrated heating resistors near the micro cantilever support, and that the resulting increase in Q helps to make low-ppb limits of detection a possibility in liquids. However, because the use of electrothermally excited, liquid-phase, microcantilever-based sensors in lateral flexure is relatively new, theoretical models are lacking. Therefore, we present here a new analytical model for predicting the vibratory response of these devices. The model is also used to successfully confirm the validity of our previously derived Q formula, which was based on a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model and a harmonic tip force. Comparisons with experimental data show that the present model and, thus, the analytical formula provide excellent Q estimates for sufficiently thin beams vibrating laterally in water and reasonable upper-bound estimates for thicker beams

Timoshenko Beam Model for Lateral Vibration of Liquid-Phase Microcantilever-Based Sensors

Dynamic-mode microcantilever-based devices are potentially well suited to biological and chemical sensing applications. However, when these applications involve liquid-phase detection, fluid-induced dissipative forces can significantly impair device performance. Recent experimental and analytical research has shown that higher in-fluid quality factors (Q) are achieved by exciting microcantilevers in the lateral flexural mode. However, experimental results show that, for microcantilevers having larger width-to-length ratios, the behaviors predicted by current analytical models differ from measurements. To more accurately model microcantilever resonant behavior in viscous fluids and to improve understanding of lateral-mode sensor performance, a new analytical model is developed, incorporating both viscous fluid effects and “Timoshenko beam” effects (shear deformation and rotatory inertia). Beam response is examined for two harmonic load types that simulate current actuation methods: tip force and support rotation. Results are expressed in terms of total beam displacement and beam displacement due solely to bending deformation, which correspond to current detection methods used with microcantilever-based devices (optical and piezoresistive detection, respectively). The influences of the shear, rotatory inertia, and fluid parameters, as well as the load/detection scheme, are investigated. Results indicate that load/detection type can impact the measured resonant characteristics and, thus, sensor performance, especially at larger values of fluid resistance

Different evolutionary stages in massive star formation. Centimeter continuum and H2O maser emission with ATCA

We present ATCA observations of the H2O maser line and radio continuum at 18.0GHz and 22.8GHz, toward a sample of 192 massive star forming regions containing several clumps already imaged at 1.2mm. The main aim of this study is to investigate the water maser and centimeter continuum emission (likely tracing thermal free-free emission) in sources at different evolutionary stages, using the evolutionary classifications proposed by Palla et al (1991) and Molinari et al (2008). We used the recently comissioned CABB backend at ATCA obtaining images with 20arcsec resolution in the 1.3cm continuum and H2O maser emission, in all targets. For the evolutionary analysis of the sources we used the millimeter continuum emission from Beltran et al (2006) and the infrared emission from the MSX Point Source Catalogue. We detect centimeter continuum emission in 88% of the observed fields with a typical rms noise level of 0.45mJy/beam. Most of the fields show a single radio continuum source, while in 20% of them we identify multiple components. A total of 214 centimeter continuum sources have been identified, likely tracing optically thin HII regions, with physical parameters typical of both extended and compact HII regions. Water maser emission was detected in 41% of the regions, resulting in a total of 85 distinct components. The low angular (20arcsec) and spectral (14km/s) resolutions do not allow a proper analysis of the water maser emission, but suffice to investigate its association with the continuum sources. We have also studied the detection rate of HII regions in the two types of IRAS sources defined by Palla et (1991) on the basis of the IRAS colours: High and Low. No significant differences are found, with large detection rates (>90%) for both High and Low sources. We classify the millimeter and infrared sources in our fields in three evolutionary stages following the scheme presented by ...Comment: 102 pages, 19 figures, 10 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic