L'exposition aux radiofréquences des enfants : Exposition aux radiofréquences des enfants de la cohorte Elfe

Depuis de nombreuses années, les champs électromagnétiques sont largement présents dans notre environnement. Les premières sources artificielles ont été les émetteurs pour la radio et la télévision. Aujourd’hui, les sources de radiofréquences sont nombreuses : téléphonie mobile, téléphones DECT, baby phone, plaques de cuisson à induction, fours micro‐ondes, Wifi. Elles sont souvent de plus faible intensité, mais à proximité immédiate des utilisateurs et notamment des enfants. Le projet "RFExpo-Elfe" vise à caractériser l’exposition aux radiofréquences des enfants de la cohorte de naissance ELFE (Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance)

Des identités professionnelles en construction

Le métier de chef d’établissement en France est abordé par cinq experts issus de la recherche et de l’encadrement à différents niveaux. Tiraillés entre les héritages du passé et des modèles de management largement inspirés du monde de l’entreprise, les chefs d’établissements doivent se construire une identité nouvelle dans un contexte marqué par l’influence des comparaisons internationales, la diversité des contextes d’exercice et l’obligation croissante d’améliorer les résultats des élèves. Les débats explorent des aspects stratégiques de cette évolution, notamment en matière de développement d’une gestion autonome et responsable de l’établissement, ainsi que de pilotage pédagogique. Les pratiques professionnelles des chefs d’établissement français doivent évoluer pour s’adapter aux profondes transformations d’une école qui veut se moderniser tout en respectant les valeurs fondatrices de la République.The position of school head in France is discussed by five experts from research and education policy makers at different levels. Torn between past traditions and the largely business-inspired management models, school heads must forge a new identity for themselves under the influence of international comparisons, in a context of diverse working environments and in view of the mounting pressure for ever better academic results. Their debates explore the strategic aspects of this change, particularly in terms of developing an independent and responsible school management method and of education management. The professional practices of French school heads must adapt to the profound changes taking place in schools that are endeavouring to keep up with the times whilst staying true to the founding values of the French Republic.Se aborda aquí el oficio de jefe de establecimiento en Francia a través del punto de vista de cinco expertos, tanto investigadores como directivos de distintos niveles. A la vez fieles a las herencias del pasado y atraidos por unos modelos de management muy inspirados por el mundo de la empresa, los jefes de establecimiento deben construirse una identidad nueva en un contexto marcado por la influencia de las comparaciones internacionales, la diversidad de los contextos de ejercicio y la obligación creciente de mejorar los resultados de los alumnos. Los debates exploran aspectos estratégicos de esta evolución, sobre todo en materia de desarrollo de una gestión autónoma y responsable del establecimiento así como de pilotaje pedagógico. Las prácticas profesionales de los jefes de establecimiento franceses deben evolucionar para adaptarse a los profundas mutaciones de una escuela que quiere modernizarse respectando los valores fundamentales de la República

Occupational exposure to pesticides and central nervous system tumors: results from the CERENAT case-control study

BACKGROUND: The etiology of the central nervous system (CNS) tumors remains largely unknown. The role of pesticide exposure has been suggested by several epidemiological studies, but with no definitive conclusion. OBJECTIVE: To analyze associations between occupational pesticide exposure and primary CNS tumors in adults in the CERENAT study. METHODS: CERENAT is a multicenter case-control study conducted in France in 2004-2006. Data about occupational pesticide uses-in and outside agriculture-were collected during detailed face-to-face interviews and reviewed by experts for consistency and exposure assignment. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 596 cases (273 gliomas, 218 meningiomas, 105 others) and 1 192 age- and sex-matched controls selected in the general population were analyzed. Direct and indirect exposures to pesticides in agriculture were respectively assigned to 125 (7.0%) and 629 (35.2%) individuals and exposure outside agriculture to 146 (8.2%) individuals. For overall agricultural exposure, we observed no increase in risk for all brain tumors (OR 1.04, 0.69-1.57) and a slight increase for gliomas (OR 1.37, 0.79-2.39). Risks for gliomas were higher when considering agricultural exposure for more than 10 years (OR 2.22, 0.94-5.24) and significantly trebled in open field agriculture (OR 3.58, 1.20-10.70). Increases in risk were also observed in non-agricultural exposures, especially in green space workers who were directly exposed (OR 1.89, 0.82-4.39), and these were statistically significant for those exposed for over 10 years (OR 2.84, 1.15-6.99). DISCUSSION: These data support some previous findings regarding the potential role of occupational exposures to pesticides in CNS tumors, both inside and outside agriculture

Contribution à l'évaluation de l'exposition de la<br />population francilienne aux pesticides

La version des articles initialement incluse dans ce document a été retirée car elle est soumise au copyright de l'éditeur de la revue qui n'en autorise pas la reproduction. Vous pouvez obtenir une copie de ces articles auprès de l'éditeur ou par l'intermédiaire de votre centre de documentation.Pesticides are widely used, for agricultural, industrial and residential purposes. This causes concern for animals, human and ecosystems. The non-dietary exposure of populations has not been well studied, especially in France. In this context, we focused on indoor environment and cutaneous contamination by selected pesticides, and tried to determine the internal exposure to some organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. This work was conducted in three phases.First, we selected and developed the measurements and questionnaires to perform the study. A series of questionnaires were created, gathering sociodemographic information, information on environment of the house studied, and on lifestyle and probable sources of pesticide exposure (pesticide use habits, description of the products used) of the subjects. Selected measurements were indoor air measurement, cutaneous residues assessed by the means of hand wipes, and urinary dialkylphosphates, metabolites common to numerous OP insecticides. Analytical methods (gas and high performance liquid chromatography combined with selective detectors) were chosen, adapted and validated in collaboration with the INERIS laboratories. A selection of various insecticides, herbicides and fungicides was made, according to their use, their toxicity and their remanence.The second phase was the application of this protocol to an adult population (n=41) occupationally exposed or non-occupationally exposed to pesticides. Measurements were done at the workplace of gardeners, florists and veterinary workers, and at home for non-occupationally exposed subjects. OPs, organochlorine and propoxur insecticides, as well as some herbicides and fungicides, were detected in air of every type of premises and on hands of every group of subjects. In our sample, gardeners and florists were mostly exposed to methyl-OPS, and veterinary workers to ethyl-OPs. General population was exposed to the same pesticides, but at levels somewhat lower. Urinary metabolites of OP insecticides did not significantly differ between the different groups ox exposure. This work allowed us to assess the feasibility of our study design.The third part of this work consisted in studying the non-dietary exposure to pesticides of children aged of 6-7 years, attending school in three predetermined areas from the Ile-de-France region. Our hypothesis was that type of housing, and housing environment, could influence children's exposure to pesticides. We recruited 76 children living in houses and 54 living in apartments. In addition to measurements already described, house dust was also sampled for approx. 50% of the households. A garden, a cat and/or a dog were present in 55.5% and 29% of the households, respectively. At least one pesticide product was present in 94% of the homes, mostly insecticides. During the year preceding the study, 87% of the parents reported the use of at least one pesticide product, mostly insecticide (median quantity of 2.5 products used). More than 25% of the parents mentioned at least one professional pest-control operation at home. Lindane, alpha-HCH and propoxur were the most frequently detected compounds in indoor air (in 88%, 49%, and 44% of the samples, respectively). Due to the great number of non quantifiable values, non parametric statistics were performed. Air and hand OP levels were significantly correlated, whereas no correlation was observed with urinary DAP levels. Propoxur levels in air and on hands were also significantly correlated. Season of sampling, type of housing and ventilation were predictors of lindane and alpha-HCH air concentrations. Ventilation, use of insecticides against head lice and the presence of a garden were significantly associated with air concentrations of OP insecticides. Season of sampling, type of housing and plants inside the home were associated with levels of hand OP contamination of the children. Termiticide treatment, presence of a cat or a dog, and use of insecticide against head lice for the child studied influenced significantly urinary dialkylphosphate concentrations. To conclude, the study design and the measurements we chose allowed us to describe non-dietary exposure to various urban populations from the Ile-de-France region. The factors which seem to influence this exposure suggest new orientations for future studies, to better define which subjects are overexposed.L'utilisation des pesticides, en agriculture, dans les différentes industries et par les particuliers dans les logements et les jardins, n'est pas sans conséquence pour les êtres vivants et les milieux écologiques. L'exposition non alimentaire des populations est méconnue, notamment en France. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à la pollution de l'environnement intérieur et à la contamination cutanée par les pesticides, ainsi qu'à la dose interne d'exposition aux insecticides organophosphorés de différentes populations d'Ile-de-France. Nous avons conduit ce travail en trois temps.En premier lieu, nous avons mis au point et validé les outils d'évaluation : des questionnaires détaillant l'environnement, le mode de vie, les caractéristiques socio-démographiques de notre population et les sources possibles d'exposition aux pesticides ; des prélèvements de résidus présents dans l'air intérieur et de résidus cutanés manuportés ; un recueil d'urines pour doser les dialkylphosphates, métabolites urinaires communs à de nombreux insecticides organophosphorés. Une sélection de composés d'action insecticide, herbicide ou fongicide a été définie au préalable, en fonction de leurs utilisations, de leur toxicité et de leur rémanence. Les méthodes analytiques ont été adaptées et validées en collaboration avec l'INERIS. L'application de ces outils à un groupe de 41 adultes franciliens, professionnels et particuliers, a constitué le second volet du travail de thèse. Les prélèvements ont été effectués sur le lieu de travail de jardiniers, de fleuristes et de vétérinaires ainsi qu'au domicile de personnes non exposées professionnellement. Les insecticides organochlorés, organophosphorés, le propoxur et certains herbicides et fongicides ont été détectés dans tous les types de lieux et sur les mains de tous les sujets. Dans notre échantillon, les jardiniers et les fleuristes étaient significativement plus exposés aux méthyl-OPs, et les vétérinaires au propoxur et aux éthyl-OPs. La population générale était exposée, quoique de façon plus faible, aux mêmes pesticides. Le dosage des métabolites urinaires des insecticides OPs n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence de différence significative d'exposition entre les quatre catégories de sujets. Ce travail nous a permis de valider la faisabilité de notre protocole.Le troisième volet de cette thèse correspond à l'application des outils développés et modifiés à l'issue de l'étude précédente à une population enfantine francilienne. L'étude a été menée chez 73 enfants vivant en pavillon et 57 enfants vivant en appartement, âgés de 6-7 ans, scolarisés en écoles élémentaires de trois zones d'Ile-de-France. Outre les prélèvements décrits précédemment et les questionnaires, un prélèvement de poussières de sols a été effectué chez 50% des enfants recrutés. Un jardin et un chien et/ou un chat étaient présents dans 55,5% et 29% des foyers, respectivement. Au moins un produit pesticide était présent dans 94% des foyers, la majorité étant constituée par les insecticides. Durant l'année précédant l'enquête, 87% des familles ont utilisé au moins un pesticide, le plus souvent un insecticide. Plus d'un quart des familles a rapporté l'intervention d'un professionnel de la désinsectisation au domicile. Le lindane, l'alpha-HCH et le propoxur étaient les pesticides les plus fréquemment retrouvés dans l'air (dans 88%, 49% et 44% des logements, respectivement). Les niveaux d'OPs dans l'air et sur les mains étaient significativement corrélés, mais aucune corrélation n'a été retrouvée avec les niveaux de métabolites urinaires. Les niveaux de propoxur dans l'air et sur les mains étaient également significativement corrélés. Le type de logement et son ancienneté sont des facteurs influençant les concentrations aériennes en lindane et en alpha-HCH. La présence d'un jardin ou d'une cour paysagée influence de façon significative les concentrations d'insecticides OPs dans l'air. La saison, le type de logement ainsi que la présence de plantes à l'intérieur du domicile sont significativement associés aux niveaux de résidus cutanés d'insecticides OPs. Le traitement anti-termite est significativement associé à des niveaux plus élevés de dialkylphosphates urinaires. Le fait d'habiter en maison est associé à des concentrations plus importantes d'IPP urinaire.En conclusion, le principal enseignement de ces travaux est que la méthodologie mise en œuvre nous a permis de documenter l'exposition non alimentaire aux pesticides de populations urbaines d'Ile-de-France, et l'étude des facteurs influençant ces expositions permet de suggérer de nouvelles pistes à explorer, afin de mieux connaître les populations à risque de surexposition

Contribution à l'évaluation d'expositions domestiques et professionnelles aux pesticides en France

L'exposition de la population française aux pesticides est diffuse et méconnue. Cette étude a consisté à évaluer l'exposition aux pesticides, par des prélèvements d'air et des mesurages cutanés, effectués sur le lieu de travail de professionnels (n=21), ou au domicile de particuliers (n=20). Les participants ont aussi fourni trois échantillons d'urines matinales afin de doser les métabolites des insecticides organophosphorés. Les prélèvements ont été analysés par chromatographie. Les organochlorés, organophosphorés, le propoxur, certains herbicides et fongicides ont été détectés dans l'air et sur les mains de tous les groupes. Les jardiniers et fleuristes étaient significativement plus exposés aux méthyl-OPs, les vétérinaires au propoxur et aux éthyl-OPs. Les métabolites urinaires ne différaient pas significativement entre les différents sujets. Ce travail permet d'envisager de plus vastes études, dans des régions contrastées, afin de mieux caractériser l'exposition aux pesticides en France.Pesticide exposure of the French population is diffuse and unknown. This study aimed to assess pesticide exposure, by indoor air and cutaneous measurements, performed in working places of occupationally exposed workers (n=21) and in dwellings of general population (n=20). Volunteers provided also three first morning void urine samples, in order to measure organophosphate insecticide metabolites. Samples were analysed by gas and liquid chromatographical methods. Organochlorines, organophosphates, propoxur, and some herbicides and fungicides, were detected in air and cutaneous samples of people from each group. Gardeners and flower sellers were significantly more exposed to methyl-OPs, while veterinarians were more exposed to ethyl-OPs and propoxur. Urinary metabolites were not significantly different between groups. This work allows us to envisage greater studies performed in contrasted geographical areas, in order to improve pesticide exposure assessment in France.CHATENAY M.-PARIS 11-BU Pharma. (920192101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Contribution to the assessment of the exposure to indoor pesticides in France

National audienceBackground: Pesticides are environmental pollutants with potential health effects, but exposure of the population is badly documented. Objective: Our purpose is to assess the exposure of adults living in Ile-de-France to indoor air pesticides. Methods: Two greenhouses, three florist shops and three veterinarian services were investigated. Nineteen dwellings (flats and houses) with non-occupationally exposed inhabitants were also sampled. Thirty-eight pesticides were measured in indoor air, using a MiniPartisol air sampler (mean volume sampled : 7.1 m724 h). After extraction, samples were analysed by gas and high-performance liquid chromatographical methods (limits of quantification generally < 5 ng/m3). Results and discussion: Indoor air concentrations were often near the quantification limits (mean number of different pesticides detected per sample : 3.2 +- 1.7), but maximal values reached 200-300 ng/m3 (gardeners: malathion and methidathion, population : atrazine). The organophosphates dichlorvos, fenthion, malathion and parathion-methyl were detected in more than 10% of the samples. The organochlorines lindane, a-HCH (lindaneisomer), a-endosulfan and dieldrin were detected in 97, 38, 69 and 28% of the samples, whereas the herbicides atrazine, alachlor and trifluralin were found in 24, 21 and 14% of the samples, respectively. A specifie profile, consistent with occupational activity, can be observed; on the contrary, more various pesticides were found in the dwellings, but at levels sometimes higher than in occupational places. Our results confirm previously published levels of exposure in dwellings. However, the most frequently detected pesticides can differ: the chlorpyriphos is almost undetectable in our study, contrary to the US studies

Pesticide exposure of non-occupationally exposed subjects compared to some occupational exposure : a French pilot study

International audienceData about non-dietary exposure to different chemical classes of pesticides are scarce, especially in France. Our objective was to assess residential pesticide exposure of non-occupationally exposed adults, and to compare it with occupational exposure of subjects working indoors. Twenty unexposed persons, five gardeners, seven florists and nine veterinary workers living in Paris area were recruited. Nineteen residences, two greenhouses, three florist shops and three veterinary departments were then sampled. Thirty-eight insecticides, herbicides and fungicides were measured in indoor air with an air sampler for 24 It, and on hands by wiping them with isopropanol-wetted swabs. After extraction, samples were analysed by gas and high-performance liquid chromatography. Seventeen different pesticides were detected at least once in indoor air and twenty-one on the hands. An average of 4.2 +/- 1.7 different pesticides was detected per indoor air sample. The organochlorines lindane, alpha-endosulfan and alpha-HCH were the most frequently detected compounds, in 97%, 69% and 38% of the samples, respectively. The organophosphates dichlorvos and fenthion, the carbamate propoxur and the herbicides atrazine and alachlor were detected in more than 20% of the air samples. Indoor air concentrations were often low, but could reach 200-300 ng/m(3) in residences for atrazine and propoxur. Propoxur levels significantly differed between the air of veterinary places and other places (Kruskal-Wallis test, p < 0.05) and dieldrin levels between residences and workplaces (p < 0.05). There was a greater number of pesticides on hands than in air, with an average of 6.3 +/- 3.3 different pesticides detected per sample, the most frequently detected being malathion, lindane and trifluralin, in more than 60% of the subjects. Maximal levels (up to 1000-3000 ng/hands) were observed either in the general population or in workers, depending on the pesticide. However, no significant difference was observed between workers and general population handwipe pesticide levels. As expected, gardeners were exposed to pesticides sprayed in greenhouses. Florists and veterinary workers, whose pesticide exposure had not been described until now, were also indirectly exposed to pesticides used for former pest control operations. Overall, general population was exposed to more various pesticides and at levels sometimes higher than in occupational places. The most frequent pesticides in residences were not the same as in US studies but levels were similar. These preliminary results need to be confirmed in a greater number of residences from different parts of the country, in order to better assess pesticide exposure of the general population and its influencing factors

Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to organophosphorus pesticides : Application to occupationally and non-occupationally exposed adult populations

International audienceThe purpose of the study was to assess non-dietary exposure of workers and the general population in the Paris area to some organophosphorus (OP) pesticides. In total, 21 workers from different occupational places (two greenhouses, three florist shops and three veterinary departments) and 20 subjects assumed to be non-occupationally exposed were recruited. Indoor air, hand wipes, and three first morning urine samples were collected. Seven OPs were measured by GC/ECD and GC/TSD, and six urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites by GC/PFPD. All indoor air samples from the workplaces and only one-third of the samples from the residences contained at least one of the seven OPs. However, almost all participants were dermally exposed to OPs. Total OP indoor air and cutaneous levels were significantly higher for workers than for the general population (air median = 185 pmol/m(3) Versus nondetectable, P< 0.0001; hands median = 1250 pmol/hands versus 475 pmol/hands, P = 0.03). From the air, gardeners and florists were mainly exposed to methyl-OPs and veterinary staff to ethyl-OPs (mainly diazinon). From their hands, all subjects were exposed to methyl-OPs, with gardeners and florists exposed to somewhat but not significantly higher levels. Ethyl-OPs were more found frequently and at higher levels on the hands of veterinary workers. Total OP levels in indoor air and from hand wipes were significantly correlated (Spearman R = 0.34, P = 0.03). DAP detection frequencies and levels were not different between workers and the general population (workers median = 168 nmol/g creat and general population median = 241 nmol/g creat, P=0.31), and did not correlate with air or hand levels. Subjects not occupationally exposed showed significant residential exposure to OPs, more frequently from their hands than from the air. Different occupations were associated with different exposure profiles and levels. The lack of differences in DAP levels between the different groups of exposure suggests that dietary exposure to OP residues and exposure to other OPs are involved

Environmental exposure to pesticides and respiratory health

Respiratory effects of environmental exposure to pesticides are debated. Here we aimed to review epidemiological studies published up until 2013, using the PubMed database. 20 studies dealing with respiratory health and non-occupational pesticide exposure were identified, 14 carried out on children and six on adults. In four out of nine studies in children with biological measurements, mothers' dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) blood levels during pregnancy were associated with asthma and wheezing in young children. An association was also found between permethrin in indoor air during pregnancy and wheezing in children. A significant association between asthma and DDE measured in children's blood (aged 7–10 years) was observed in one study. However, in three studies, no association was found between asthma or respiratory infections in children and pesticide levels in breast milk and/or infant blood. Lastly, in three out of four studies where post-natal pesticide exposure of children was assessed by parental questionnaire an association with respiratory symptoms was found. Results of the fewer studies on pesticide environmental exposure and respiratory health of adults were much less conclusive: indeed, the associations observed were weak and often not significant. In conclusion, further studies are needed to confirm whether there is a respiratory risk associated with environmental exposure to pesticides