Diversidade genética entre diploides melhorados de bananeira por meio de variáveis canônicas e do método Ward‑MLM

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic diversity of improved banana diploids using data from quantitative analysis and from simple sequence repeats (SSR) marker, simultaneously. The experiment was carried out with 33 diploids, in an augmented block design with 30 regular treatments and three common ones. Eighteen agronomic characteristics and 20 SSR primers were used. The agronomic characteristics and the SSR were analyzed simultaneously by the Ward‑MLM, cluster, and IML procedures. The Ward clustering method considered the combined matrix obtained by the Gower algorithm. The Ward‑MLM procedure identified three ideal groups (G1, G2, and G3) based on pseudo‑F and pseudo‑t2 statistics. The dendrogram showed relative similarity between the G1 genotypes, justified by genealogy. In G2, 'Calcutta 4' appears in 62% of the genealogies. Similar behavior was observed in G3, in which the 028003‑01 diploid is the male parent of the 086079‑10 and 042079‑06 genotypes. The method with canonical variables had greater discriminatory power than Ward‑MLM. Although reduced, the genetic variability available is sufficient to be used in the development of new hybrids.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a diversidade genética entre diploides melhorados de bananeira por meio de dados quantitativos e de marcadores de sequências simples repetidas (SSR), simultaneamente. O experimento foi conduzido com 33 diploides, em blocos aumentados com 30 tratamentos regulares e três comuns. Dezoito características agronômicas e 20 iniciadores SSR foram usados. Os dados agronômicos e de SSR foram analisados, simultaneamente, via os procedimentos Ward‑MLM, de agrupamento e IML. O método de agrupamento de Ward considerou matriz híbrida obtida pelo algoritmo de Gower. O procedimento Ward‑MLM identificou três grupos (G1, G2 e G3) baseados nas estatísticas de pseudo‑F and pseudo‑t2. O dendrograma mostrou similaridade relativa entre os genótipos do G1, justificada pela genealogia. No G2, 'Calcutta 4' aparece em 62% das genealogias. Comportamento similar foi observado no grupo G3, em que o diploide 028003‑01 é o parental masculino dos genótipos 086079‑10 e 042079‑06. O método com uso de variáveis canônicas teve maior poder discriminatório que o Ward‑MLM. Embora reduzida, a variabilidade genética disponível é suficiente para ser usada no desenvolvimento de novos híbridos

Cork : properties, capabilities and applications

Cork is a natural, renewable, sustainable raw material that has been used for many centuries. As a result of this very long term interest, the scientific literature on cork is extensive. The present review focuses on the chemical composition, physical and mechanical properties of cork and on its products and sub-products. The substantial efforts to fully characterise cork, as well as new developments and evolving research, are reviewed, beginning with its histology, growth and morphology (at macro- and microscales). The chemical structure is analysed in detail, covering both the materials that form the wall structure and the low molecular weight, extractable components. The unique properties of cork are discussed and correlated with current knowledge on morphology and chemical structure. Finally, the important industrial applications of cork are reviewed, in the context of research to provide cork with novel, high added-value applications