Make tests and proper muscle strength measurement

If meaningful judgments are to be made about the presence and/or extent of muscle strength impairments, reference values to which patients' performance can be compared are required. Given the myriad of factors that can alter the force or torque measured during muscle strength testing,1 it is desirable that norms are published for use with specific test protocols. Phillips et al2 recently provided such norms for 9 muscle actions..