La democracia en Europa: acerca de los princípios fundamentales del constitucionalismo europeo

Si bien es cierto que los Estados constitucionales de Europa varían en cuanto a la diversidad de sus elementos configuradores —federalismo, regionalismo, jurisdicción constitucional, concepción de los derechos fundamentales, cultura política—, no lo es menos que, a día de hoy, cabe constatar la existencia de un paradigma constitucional europeo con vocación de universalidad —democracia, supremacía constitucional, garantía efectiva de los derechos fundamentales, racionalización del parlamentarismo y descentralización política— fruto de las tres oleadas democratizadoras posteriores a la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lo que, en cualquier caso, está claro es que este paradigma no es sólo un entramado de reglas normativas sino también expresión de un devenir histórico-político y un legado cultural dinámico. ¿Qué logros ha aportado la experiencia europea más reciente al tipo Estado constitucional? El presente trabajo reflexiona sobre todo ello.Obviously, each European constitutional state has its own singularity, its own characteristics and its own configurational elements —federalism, regionalism, constitutional justice, concept of fundamental rights, political culture—. However, it is also possible to observe today the existence of a European constitutional paradigm —democracy, constitutional primacy, effective guarantee of rights, parliamentarism and federalísm lato sensu— as a consequence of the three democratizing waves after the Second World War. This common paradigm or model is the result of a dynamic historical process. What achievements has the most recent European history contributed to the concept of constitutional state? This article reflects on all this

La caída de los dioses: de los problemas de los partidos a los partidos como problema

Political parties, lynchpin of the democratic architecture, have also been very important in the setting-up of the constitutional system of 1978. They had confronted several problems that have hindered its consolidation. But, over time, the parties have not only invaded public areas that were not designed for them, but have generated internal habits related to bureaucracy, the selection of elites, illegal funding and a lack of internal democracy. This has caused that quite a lot of the spanish public opinion perceive that political parties, and by extension, politicians and politics, as one of the main spanish problems.Los partidos políticos, pieza clave de la arquitectura democrática, lo han sido también en el proceso de construcción del régimen constitucional de 1978. Para ello han debido enfrentarse a diversos problemas que han dificultado su consolidación. Pero, con el paso del tiempo, los propios partidos no sólo han invadido esferas públicas que no les correspondían sino que han generado hábitos internos relacionados con la burocratización, el proceso de selección de las élites, la financiación ilegal y la ausencia de democracia interna. Todo ello ha dado lugar a que una buena parte de la opinión pública española perciba en la actualidad a los partidos, y, por extensión, a los políticos y a la política, como uno de los principales problemas del país.Political parties, lynchpin of the democratic architecture, have also been very important in the setting-up of the constitutional system of 1978. They had confronted several problems that have hindered its consolidation. But, over time, the parties have not only invaded public areas that were not designed for them, but have generated internal habits related to bureaucracy, the selection of elites, illegal funding and a lack of internal democracy. This has caused that quite a lot of the spanish public opinion perceive that political parties, and by extension, politicians and politics, as one of the main spanish problems

A transformação dos mecanismos de materialização política das identidades nacionais: o Estado autonômico espanhol e a emergência das autonomias-nação basca e catalã

Este artigo visa a abordar a forma como duas identidades nacionais concretas, a basca e a catalã, potencializadas pelos respectivos nacionalismos e pelo processo de democratização espanhol, conseguiram materializar-se política e legalmente naquilo que qualificamos como autonomias-nação. Para chegar à análise deste estudo de caso, começa por percorrer o papel do Estado-nação e a relação entre os conceitos de Estado e nação. Destaca de forma especial a emergência de novas unidades políticas, que o autor denomina autonomias-nação, que constituem um autêntico desafio ao conceito tradicional de soberania

Multiple Scenario Generation of Subsurface Models:Consistent Integration of Information from Geophysical and Geological Data throuh Combination of Probabilistic Inverse Problem Theory and Geostatistics

Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detector Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos of all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles, as well as for Earth-skimming \u3c4 neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to the Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in 3c 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an E\u3bd-2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 7 1017 eV -2.5 7 1019 eV is E2 dN\u3bd/dE\u3bd < 4.4 7 10-9 GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1, placing strong constraints on several models of neutrino production at EeV energies and on the properties of the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays