Synthesis and crystal structure of unexpected (1S,4R,5R,6S)-4-cyano-2,2,6-trimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-6-yl acetate

The reaction of (-)-β-pinene with KCN under a mild bridged Ritter reaction gave (1S,5R,6S)-2,2,6-trimethyl-3-aza-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-en-6-yl acetate that subsequently reacted to provide an unexpected (1S,4R,5R,6S)-4-cyano-2,2,6-trimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-6-yl acetate. The structure of the compound was determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry, and IR and NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallises in the monoclinic P21 space group, with unit cell parameters a 8.6120 (17), b 7.4570 (15), c 11.189 (2) Å, and β 110.16 (3)°

Adolescents' self evaluations : the influence of exposure to self evaluations of others

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect upon the self evaluations of adolescents of their exposure to the positive self evaluations of other persons. Three hypotheses were explored by the study. The experimenter hypothesized first that changes in adolescents' self evaluations would follow the adolescents' exposure to positive self evaluations of others. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that both the age (position in the life span) and sex of the persons to whose self evaluations the adolescents were exposed would affect the amount of change recorded in the adolescents' self evaluations. The experimental subjects, 45 girls and 45 boys, were randomly selected from the seventh grade population of Asheboro Junior High School, Asheboro, North Carolina, and were assigned at random to one of six experimental groups: adolescent-same sex, adolescent-opposite sex, adult-same sex, adult-opposite sex, old person-same sex, old person-opposite sex. Due to the unavailability of a sufficient number of seventh grade students at Asheboro Junior High School to serve as a control group, 45 girls and 45 boys were selected for this purpose from North Asheboro Junior High School, a similar junior high school located in the same community. Rubin's Self Esteem Scale, the self evaluation measure used in this study, was administered to the control group on two occasions, which were separated by a two-week Interval. No treatment was received by control group subjects during the period between the two administrations of the test

The phenomena of nature as interpreted in experimental painting

The structures of the earth emerged through creation, and became a part of the universe and a vastness a part of an immensity in time and space. Their being is affixed to a network of patterns far wider than man's views. It is an unlimited, unmeasurable expanse of which current surroundings are the metamorphosis of growth. It is an infinite growth within finite boundaries. The beginning in time is sought, but is unknown and unimportant. Only the fact of mere existence emerges and is significant. The entity of the earth prevails for it is a creation continuing. Here is existence it is life. Life is revealed nobly as more than a structure of color and forms. Each individual fragment has life within itself and fulfills a role within a unity. There then exists an essence building to full richness and glory of presentation, revealed from the inner core, so that to know nature is to be inside and discover the crux of existence

The highest style of humanity : religion, the New South creed, and Holland Nimmons McTyeire

Through an examination of the religious ideology of Holland Nimmons McTyeire as evidenced in his sermons, editorials, and other writings, this thesis sheds light on the relationship between religion and the New South creed. Although he developed his ideology in the antebellum era, his ideas carried over into the postwar era albeit changed because of his war experience and the New South context. Because McTyeire believed that the South lacked a stable social structure, as he felt God desired, new leaders had to be established. Without the traditional leadership of the gentry, middle class professionals rose to power and McTyeire helped push the Methodist Episcopal Church, South to be accommodating toward their business practices, ambitions, and social prestige. His ideology essentially merged with the New South creed to become a plan of action to advance the southern Methodist church by modernizing its ecclesiastical structure, professionalizing its ministry, and defending its beliefs and institutions. Ultimately, McTyeire declared victory for his plan of action while ignoring many convenient realities that indicated otherwise. In the end, McTyeire?s actions hastened the shift of southern Methodism from a populist religion of the heart toward an all-white, high-brow, and wealthy denomination

Evaluating policy responses to noncommunicable diseases in seven Caribbean countries: challenges to addressing unhealthy diets and physical inactivity

This is the final version. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.Objective. To identify, assess, and compare existing policies on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean, gaps in policy responses, and the factors influencing successful policy development and implementation following the Port of Spain Declaration of 2007. Specifically, to examine policies that target the upstream determinants of two NCD risk factors—unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. Methods. A total of 76 semi-structured interviews with 80 relevant stakeholders in government, the private sector, and civil society were complemented by policy document analysis. Interviews were analyzed pragmatically, framed by the CARICOM government commitments, the WHO NCD Action Plan, a Multiple Streams framework approach, and realist evaluation ideas. Results. The most widely-reported policy successes involved health promotion activities (e.g., school meal programs) that leveraged multisectoral collaboration among government ministries, such as Health, Education, and Agriculture. Large policy gaps still exist around creating legislative, physical, and social environments to support healthy eating and physical activity at the population level. Multisectoral NCD commissions successfully reached across sectors, but had limited influence on policy development. Different policy levels emerged with national-level policies considered a lengthy process, while “On-the-ground” programming was considered faster to implement than national policies. External barriers included a reliance on food imports enabled by international trade agreements limited availability, quality, and affordability of healthy foods. International pushback limited legislation to reduce food imports and the absence of an international/regional framework, similar to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, further impedes efforts. Conclusions. Regional collaboration and political support across sectors are essential to accelerating the pace of action to support healthy eating and active living environments. Policy “blueprints” could accelerate the process of development. Regional “NCD champions” could spearhead such responses and approaches.International Development Research Centr

An alkaloid-like 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene library obtained from the bridged Ritter reaction

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd A small, diverse library of novel alkaloid-like compounds was synthesised using the bridged Ritter reaction with (−)-β-pinene and subsequent scaffold derivatisation. Structural diversity was achieved by varying the nitrile used in the reaction and thus provided an understanding of the influence nitriles have on the reaction outcome; it was determined that more nucleophilic nitriles, gave higher yields. Steric factors also determined the selectivity of scaffold types produced, with larger groups producing predominantly alkene products. X-ray crystallography and attempts to derivatise the imines obtained from the bridged Ritter reaction, highlighted the way the imino nitrogen reacted either not at all or in a stereospecific mannor, due to crowding by adjacent substituents. As the compounds contain either the 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane or 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]non-3-ene core architecture, they will also be explored for their biological properties, due to the prevalence of bioactive alkaloids containing these core structures

Auditory Deficit as a Consequence Rather than Endophenotype of Specific Language Impairment: Electrophysiological Evidence

Are developmental language disorders caused by poor auditory discrimination? This is a popular theory, but behavioural evidence has been inconclusive. Here we studied children with specific language impairment, measuring the brain's electrophysiological response to sounds in a passive paradigm. We focused on the T-complex, an event-related peak that has different origins and developmental course from the well-known vertex response.We analysed auditory event-related potentials to tones and syllables from 16 children and 16 adolescents with specific language impairment who were compared with 32 typically-developing controls, matched for gender, IQ and age.We replicated prior findings of significant reduction in Ta amplitude for both children and adolescents with specific language impairment, which was particularly marked for syllables. The topography of the T-complex to syllables indicated a less focal response in those with language impairments. To distinguish causal models, we considered correlations between size of the Ta response and measures of language and literacy in parents as well as children. The best-fitting model was one in which auditory deficit was a consequence rather than a cause of difficulties in phonological processing.The T-complex to syllables has abnormal size and topography in children with specific language impairment, but this is more likely to be a consequence rather than a cause of difficulties in phonological processing

Student Engagement

Over the past nine years, the Grace E. Harris Leadership Program has developed seven projects commonly grouped under the topic of Student Engagement. The projects reflect different approaches to school spirit generation, student retention, student mentoring and student financial aid. Of the seven projects that our team reviewed, six were implemented or partially implemented, as indicated by the *. It was not uncommon to see GEHLI team ideas incorporated into unrelated University initiative(s), basically achieving the goals of the project, but without the team involvement

Mindfulness-based interventions for people diagnosed with a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Objective Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can reduce risk of depressive relapse for people with a history of recurrent depression who are currently well. However, the cognitive, affective and motivational features of depression and anxiety might render MBIs ineffective for people experiencing current symptoms. This paper presents a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of MBIs where participants met diagnostic criteria for a current episode of an anxiety or depressive disorder. Method Post-intervention between-group Hedges g effect sizes were calculated using a random effects model. Moderator analyses of primary diagnosis, intervention type and control condition were conducted and publication bias was assessed. Results Twelve studies met inclusion criteria (n = 578). There were significant post-intervention between-group benefits of MBIs relative to control conditions on primary symptom severity (Hedges g = −0.59, 95% CI = −0.12 to −1.06). Effects were demonstrated for depressive symptom severity (Hedges g = −0.73, 95% CI = −0.09 to −1.36), but not for anxiety symptom severity (Hedges g = −0.55, 95% CI = 0.09 to −1.18), for RCTs with an inactive control (Hedges g = −1.03, 95% CI = −0.40 to −1.66), but not where there was an active control (Hedges g = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.54 to −0.48) and effects were found for MBCT (Hedges g = −0.39, 95% CI = −0.15 to −0.63) but not for MBSR (Hedges g = −0.75, 95% CI = 0.31 to −1.81). Conclusions This is the first meta-analysis of RCTs of MBIs where all studies included only participants who were diagnosed with a current episode of a depressive or anxiety disorder. Effects of MBIs on primary symptom severity were found for people with a current depressive disorder and it is recommended that MBIs might be considered as an intervention for this population

Causal Network Accounts Of Ill-being: Depression & Digital Well-being

Depression is a common and devastating instance of ill-being which deserves an account. Moreover, the ill-being of depression is impacted by digital technology: some uses of digital technology increase such ill-being while other uses of digital technology increase well-being. So a good account of ill-being would explicate the antecedents of depressive symptoms and their relief, digitally and otherwise. This paper borrows a causal network account of well-being and applies it to ill-being, particularly depression. Causal networks are found to provide a principled, coherent, intuitively plausible, and empirically adequate account of cases of depression in every-day and digital contexts. Causal network accounts of ill-being also offer philosophical, scientific, and practical utility. Insofar as other accounts of ill-being cannot offer these advantages, we should prefer causal network accounts of ill-being